Corruption, SDGs and modern slavery: instrumental variable analysis
| Variable(s) | 1st stage DV= CORRUP | 2nd stage DV = MS |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate (t-value) | Estimate (t-value) | |
| Predicted CORRUP | 5.1149*** (8.19) | |
| IV= INEQUALITY | 0.0329*** (9.11) | |
| SDG | 0.0041 (0.79) | −0.6019*** (−5.43) |
| STAKE | 0.0712 (1.11) | −3.1128** (−2.26) |
| LnGDP | −0.2110*** (−2.79) | −0.2514 (−0.63) |
| FOI | −0.5517*** (−7.13) | −1.6912 (−1.72) |
| LnFDI | 0.0001 (1.63) | 0.0004 (−1.10) |
| LnExport | −0.1021* (−1.82) | 2.1133** (2.32) |
| MAN | −0.0851 (0.29) | −1.0213 (−0.96) |
| Constant | 1.3219*** (2.79) | 21.4890*** (5.22) |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes |
| R2/Centred R2 | 0.8354 | 0.8514 |
| N | 431 | 431 |
| Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistics | 32.1296 | |
| (under-identification test) | (p = 0.000) | |
| Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F statistic (weak identification test) | 93.4571 | |
| Hansen J statistic (overidentification test) | (p = 0.000) | |
| Variable(s) | 1st stage DV= CORRUP | 2nd stage DV = MS |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate (t-value) | Estimate (t-value) | |
| Predicted CORRUP | 5.1149*** (8.19) | |
| IV= INEQUALITY | 0.0329*** (9.11) | |
| SDG | 0.0041 (0.79) | −0.6019*** (−5.43) |
| STAKE | 0.0712 (1.11) | −3.1128** (−2.26) |
| LnGDP | −0.2110*** (−2.79) | −0.2514 (−0.63) |
| FOI | −0.5517*** (−7.13) | −1.6912 (−1.72) |
| LnFDI | 0.0001 (1.63) | 0.0004 (−1.10) |
| LnExport | −0.1021* (−1.82) | 2.1133** (2.32) |
| MAN | −0.0851 (0.29) | −1.0213 (−0.96) |
| Constant | 1.3219*** (2.79) | 21.4890*** (5.22) |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes |
| 0.8354 | 0.8514 | |
| 431 | 431 | |
| Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistics | 32.1296 | |
| (under-identification test) | ( | |
| Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F statistic (weak identification test) | 93.4571 | |
| Hansen J statistic (overidentification test) | ( | |
Note(s): All variable definitions are given in Table 1. t-values are shown in parentheses. ***, ** and * represent significance levels of 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively
Source(s): Table by the authors
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