Table 1.

Examples of additional macro-level external variables

Environmental variableExamples of recent contributions
Current trends such as globalization, climate change or mass tourism• Haid et al. (2021)
• Stalmirska (2023) 
Global and domestic emerging markets• Hussain (2021)
• Zeng et al. (2021) 
Digital tourism and artificial intelligence (AI)• Gonçalves et al. (2022) 
Risk assessment and contingency planning• Alvarez et al. (2022)
• Mihardja et al. (2023) 
Heritage and cultural legislation and governance• Mandić and Kennell (2021)
• Wang et al. (2022) 
Financial resources and funding• Jelinčić and Šveb (2021)
• Liu et al. (2020) 
External monitoring and evaluation of cultural landscapes• Dharmiasih (2020)
• Petti et al. (2020) 
Partnerships and collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, private sector actors and local communities• Dolezal and Novelli (2022)
• Scheyvens and Cheer (2022) 

Source(s): Compiled by the authors’ based on the sources indicated in the table

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