CE multi-scale variables and items
| Variables and items | Measurement scale | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Financial | |||
| Cash-flow | Natural numbers | Monetary amount in euros | |
| Internalization | |||
| Export | Percentage | Percentage of production internationally commercialized | |
| Knowledge | |||
| Education level | Percentage | Percentage of employees with university studies | |
| Process innovation | Natural numbers | Number of innovations that intend to reduce costs, increase quality and provision of the products and include improved techniques in auxiliary support activities | |
| Product innovation | Natural numbers | Number of innovations which take the form of major or minor changes in the material used, in the technical specification and in the characteristics of the product | |
| R&D | Natural numbers | Monetary amount in euros spent in R&D in the last year | |
| Awareness | |||
| Age | Natural numbers | Number of years since the company was created | |
| Size | Natural numbers | Turnover in euros | |
| Business CE awareness model | Likert scale (1–5) | Level of awareness about circularity of manager: measured from 1 (no awareness) to 5 (maximum awareness) | |
| Digitalization | |||
| Digitalization level | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 3) | Level of use of digital resources: = 0 if using no digital resources; = 1 if using internet, software and/or smart grides; = 2 if also using robotic in process; = 3 if also using Blockchain and/or Big Data | |
| Narrowing | |||
| Ecological and integrated production | Percentage | Percentage of total production | |
| Clean technology | Natural numbers | Number of clean technologies in the production process | |
| Eco-packaging | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 3) | Level of use of green packaging: = 0 if no use; = 1 if only recycled packaging used; = 2 if also use biodegradable packaging; | |
| = 3 if more eco-design packaging types are used | |||
| Material circularity indicator | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 2) | Level of the voluntary adoption of proactive material management practices aimed at achieving product circularity: = 0 if no use; = 1 if only audits are used; = 2 if analysis is also used | |
| Optimization transport routes | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0–2) | Level of use of optimization transport routes techniques: = 0 if no use; = 1 if only fuel efficiency is used; = 2 if other practices are also used | |
| Waste management | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 2) | Level of use of waste management practices: = 0 if no use; = 1 if up to 50% of the waste management practices are used; = 2 if more than 50% of the practices are used | |
| Water management | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 2) | Level of use of water management practices: = 0 if no use; = 1 if up to 50% of the water management practices are used; =2 if more than 50% of the practices are used | |
| Closing | |||
| Packaging recycled | Percentage | Percentage of total packaging used in the commercialization | |
| Plastic recycled | Percentage | Percentage of total plastic used in the production process | |
| Slowing | |||
| Extending product life | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 2) | Level of use of extending product life techniques: = 0 if no use; = 1 if only temperature control is used; = 2 if other techniques are also used | |
| Regenerating | |||
| Regenerating practices | Dichotomous scale | Level of use of regenerating practices: = 0 if no use; = 1 if using any technique |
| Variables and items | Measurement scale | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow | Natural numbers | Monetary amount in euros | |
| Export | Percentage | Percentage of production internationally commercialized | |
| Education level | Percentage | Percentage of employees with university studies | |
| Process innovation | Natural numbers | Number of innovations that intend to reduce costs, increase quality and provision of the products and include improved techniques in auxiliary support activities | |
| Product innovation | Natural numbers | Number of innovations which take the form of major or minor changes in the material used, in the technical specification and in the characteristics of the product | |
| R&D | Natural numbers | Monetary amount in euros spent in R&D in the last year | |
| Age | Natural numbers | Number of years since the company was created | |
| Size | Natural numbers | Turnover in euros | |
| Business CE awareness model | Likert scale (1–5) | Level of awareness about circularity of manager: measured from 1 (no awareness) to 5 (maximum awareness) | |
| Digitalization level | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 3) | Level of use of digital resources: = 0 if using no digital resources; = 1 if using internet, software and/or smart grides; = 2 if also using robotic in process; = 3 if also using Blockchain and/or Big Data | |
| Ecological and integrated production | Percentage | Percentage of total production | |
| Clean technology | Natural numbers | Number of clean technologies in the production process | |
| Eco-packaging | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 3) | Level of use of green packaging: = 0 if no use; = 1 if only recycled packaging used; = 2 if also use biodegradable packaging; | |
| = 3 if more eco-design packaging types are used | |||
| Material circularity indicator | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 2) | Level of the voluntary adoption of proactive material management practices aimed at achieving product circularity: = 0 if no use; = 1 if only audits are used; = 2 if analysis is also used | |
| Optimization transport routes | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0–2) | Level of use of optimization transport routes techniques: = 0 if no use; = 1 if only fuel efficiency is used; = 2 if other practices are also used | |
| Waste management | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 2) | Level of use of waste management practices: = 0 if no use; = 1 if up to 50% of the waste management practices are used; = 2 if more than 50% of the practices are used | |
| Water management | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 2) | Level of use of water management practices: = 0 if no use; = 1 if up to 50% of the water management practices are used; =2 if more than 50% of the practices are used | |
| Closing | |||
| Packaging recycled | Percentage | Percentage of total packaging used in the commercialization | |
| Plastic recycled | Percentage | Percentage of total plastic used in the production process | |
| Slowing | |||
| Extending product life | Categorical ordinal scale (from 0 to 2) | Level of use of extending product life techniques: = 0 if no use; = 1 if only temperature control is used; = 2 if other techniques are also used | |
| Regenerating | |||
| Regenerating practices | Dichotomous scale | Level of use of regenerating practices: = 0 if no use; = 1 if using any technique |
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