Table 12.

Level of agreement between respondents on questions regarding assurance of non-financial information

AssuranceCountrySizeTypeEntity
Non-EUEUNon-SMESMEPreparerUserNon-businessBusiness
DifferenceLow extent73.961.765.455.333.385.682.548.8
Great extent26.138.334.644.766.714.417.551.2
Chi-square (p-value)3.506 (0.061)2.695 (0.101)47.267 (0.000***)38.106 (0.000***)
Mandatory assuranceNo12.121.420.532.555.34.65.031.9
Yes87.978.679.567.544.795.495.068.1
Chi-square (p-value)2.822 (0.093)4.807 (0.028*)51.404 (0.000***)34.580 (0.000***)
Assurance typeLimited36.157.151.558.076.624.333.666.2
Reasonable63.942.948.542.023.475.766.433.8
Chi-square (p-value)8.383 (0.004**)0.986 (0.321)40.222 (0.000***)28.461 (0.000***)
Assurance materialityNo12.522.019.232.540.016.711.026.8
Yes87.578.080.867.560.083.389.073.2
Chi-square (p-value)2.839 (0.092)6.057 (0.014*)10.302 (0.001**)11.204 (0.001**)
Key risksNo24.624.921.941.048.51.38.738.9
Yes75.475.178.159.051.598.791.361.1
Chi-square (p-value)0.002 (0.963)10.224 (0.001**)44.058 (0.000***)32.761 (0.000***)
Assurance standardNo7.08.27.517.722.52.71.613.4
Yes93.091.892.582.377.597.398.486.6
Chi-square (p-value)0.089 (0.765)6.428 (0.011*)13.108 (0.000***)13.120 (0.000***)
Reporting standardNo42.248.544.647.355.727.840.052.8
Yes57.851.555.452.744.372.260.047.2
Chi-square (p-value)0.770 (0.380)0.162 (0.688)11.406 (0.001**)4.290 (0.038*)
Note(s):

*Significant at the 0.05 level; **Significant at the 0.01 level; ***Significant at the 0.001 level

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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