Table 1. Main variables Variable name... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Main variables

Variable name	Type	Description
Technology use in SEs	Dummy/independent	The SE was asked whether it adopts technology (as defined by the authors in the survey based on Gupta et al., 2020; Kline, 1985; Scillitoe et al., 2018). SEs include not for profit, hybrid or for profit legal and organisational structures (Moroz and Gamble, 2021; Weerawardena et al., 2021)
Technology use and hybrid nature	Dummy/independent	The organisation, as well as adopting technology, has a hybrid nature that is profit-oriented as well as socially oriented (Ismail et al., 2012; Grassi and Toschi, 2021) In a specific survey question, SEs were asked whether they have a not for profit, hybrid or profit legal and organisational structure. Hybrid SEs include only those reporting a hybrid or for profit legal and organisational structure
Scaling deep	Dummy/dependent	The SE adopts a mindset-shifting stance Two modes were outlined in the survey: 1. solutions based on campaigns and other communication strategies aimed at reaching large numbers of people (Kedmenec et al., 2019); 2. mobilising people behind a certain vision through activities undertaken to gain others’ support for and acceptance of new routines (Battilana et al., 2009)
Scaling up	Dummy/dependent	The SE acts on the institutional and/or legislative sphere. In particular, this refers to actions including creating an enabling policy environment, convincing governments to allocate financial resources towards social and/or environmental causes, building partnerships and collaborations involving public bodies aimed at addressing social and/or environmental causes (Murray et al., 2010; Nicholls and Murdock, 2012; Westley and Antadze, 2010; Uvin, and Miller, 1996) Four modes were outlined in the survey: 1. advisory activities to policymakers as an expert; 2. providing evidence and/or previously missing data to policymakers to inform the development of legislation; 3. convincing governments to allocate funds to a specific cause; 4. influencing legislative change or government policy
Scaling within	Dummy/dependent	The SE adopts a market-shaping stance (Kullak et al., 2022; Lyon and Fernandez, 2012; Nenonen et al., 2019) Four modes were outlined in the survey: 1. solutions that aimed at improving market transparency by, for instance, reducing information asymmetries (e.g., price information, products information…); 2. solutions that aimed at improving market accessibility by guaranteeing trade opportunities to marginalised groups; 3. solutions that led to changes in the conduct of a large organisation or industry to better respond to societal and environmental changes; 4. solutions that generated new income sources for marginalised groups

Variable name	Type	Description
Technology use in SEs	Dummy/independent	The SE was asked whether it adopts technology (as defined by the authors in the survey based on Gupta et al., 2020; Kline, 1985; Scillitoe et al., 2018). SEs include not for profit, hybrid or for profit legal and organisational structures (Moroz and Gamble, 2021; Weerawardena et al., 2021)
Technology use and hybrid nature	Dummy/independent	The organisation, as well as adopting technology, has a hybrid nature that is profit-oriented as well as socially oriented (Ismail et al., 2012; Grassi and Toschi, 2021)In a specific survey question, SEs were asked whether they have a not for profit, hybrid or profit legal and organisational structure. Hybrid SEs include only those reporting a hybrid or for profit legal and organisational structure
Scaling deep	Dummy/dependent	The SE adopts a mindset-shifting stanceTwo modes were outlined in the survey:1. solutions based on campaigns and other communication strategies aimed at reaching large numbers of people(Kedmenec et al., 2019);2. mobilising people behind a certain vision through activities undertaken to gain others’ support for and acceptance ofnew routines (Battilana et al., 2009)
Scaling up	Dummy/dependent	The SE acts on the institutional and/or legislative sphere. In particular, this refers to actions including creating an enabling policy environment, convincing governments to allocate financial resources towards social and/or environmental causes, building partnerships and collaborations involving public bodies aimed at addressing social and/or environmental causes (Murray et al., 2010; Nicholls and Murdock, 2012; Westley and Antadze, 2010; Uvin, and Miller, 1996)Four modes were outlined in the survey:1. advisory activities to policymakers as an expert;2. providing evidence and/or previously missing data to policymakers to inform the development of legislation;3. convincing governments to allocate funds to a specific cause;4. influencing legislative change or government policy
Scaling within	Dummy/dependent	The SE adopts a market-shaping stance (Kullak et al., 2022; Lyon and Fernandez, 2012; Nenonen et al., 2019)Four modes were outlined in the survey:1. solutions that aimed at improving market transparency by, for instance, reducing information asymmetries (e.g., priceinformation, products information…);2. solutions that aimed at improving market accessibility by guaranteeing trade opportunities to marginalised groups;3. solutions that led to changes in the conduct of a large organisation or industry to better respond to societal andenvironmental changes;4. solutions that generated new income sources for marginalised groups

Source: Authors’ own work