Table A1. Behavioural comparison of... | Emerald Publishing

Table A1.

Behavioural comparison of effectuation and causation in farm business

Dimension	Effectual behavioural characteristics	Causal behavioural characteristics
a. Means vs goals	The farm business is driven by available means and resources	The farm business is driven by strict targets (e.g. volume of sales, output and capacity utilization)
b. Affordable loss vs maximizing returns	The farm business is guided by advanced commitments to what one is prepared to lose	The farm business approach is oriented towards maximization of returns
c. Alliances vs competitive market analysis	Uncertainty is reduced by building partnership and pre-commitments of self-selected stakeholders	Uncertainty is identified and avoided through market and competition analysis and other means, e.g. higher inventories
d. Leverage on contingencies vs avoid the unexpected	Contingencies/surprises are seen as a source of opportunities	Contingences/surprises are avoided or quickly overcome to reach given farm targets

Dimension	Effectual behavioural characteristics	Causal behavioural characteristics
a. Means vs goals	The farm business is driven by available means and resources	The farm business is driven by strict targets (e.g. volume of sales, output and capacity utilization)
b. Affordable loss vs maximizing returns	The farm business is guided by advanced commitments to what one is prepared to lose	The farm business approach is oriented towards maximization of returns
c. Alliances vs competitive market analysis	Uncertainty is reduced by building partnership and pre-commitments of self-selected stakeholders	Uncertainty is identified and avoided through market and competition analysis and other means, e.g. higher inventories
d. Leverage on contingencies vs avoid the unexpected	Contingencies/surprises are seen as a source of opportunities	Contingences/surprises are avoided or quickly overcome to reach given farm targets

Source: Adapted from Chandler et al. (2011)