Bot-like behavior overview and user breakdown
| Panel 1: All users | Pre-COVID vaccine dataset | Post-COVID vaccine dataset |
|---|---|---|
| Average score | Average score | |
| Astroturfing | 1.35 | 1.22 |
| Fake Follower | 0.69 | 0.72 |
| Financial | 0.23 | 0.29 |
| Self-Declared | 1.32 | 0.17 |
| Spammer | 0.16 | 0.14 |
| Other | 1.32 | 1.22 |
| Panel 1: All users | Pre-COVID vaccine dataset | Post-COVID vaccine dataset |
|---|---|---|
| Average score | Average score | |
| Astroturfing | 1.35 | 1.22 |
| Fake Follower | 0.69 | 0.72 |
| Financial | 0.23 | 0.29 |
| Self-Declared | 1.32 | 0.17 |
| Spammer | 0.16 | 0.14 |
| Other | 1.32 | 1.22 |
| Panel 2: Highly active users | Pre-COVID vaccine dataset | Post-COVID vaccine dataset | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro (n = 100) | Anti (n = 70) | Pro (n = 100) | Anti (n = 51) | |
| Astroturfing | 1.26 | 0.74 | 2.59 | 1.33 |
| Fake Follower | 0.49 | 0.81 | 0.93 | 0.93 |
| Financial | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.21 |
| Self-Declared | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.47 |
| Spammer | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.25 |
| Other | 1.18 | 1.23 | 1.90 | 1.97 |
| Suspended/Deleted Accounts | 0 | 0 | 10 | 19 |
| Panel 2: Highly active users | Pre-COVID vaccine dataset | Post-COVID vaccine dataset | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro ( | Anti ( | Pro ( | Anti ( | |
| Astroturfing | 1.26 | 0.74 | 2.59 | 1.33 |
| Fake Follower | 0.49 | 0.81 | 0.93 | 0.93 |
| Financial | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.21 |
| Self-Declared | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.47 |
| Spammer | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.25 |
| Other | 1.18 | 1.23 | 1.90 | 1.97 |
| Suspended/Deleted Accounts | 0 | 0 | 10 | 19 |
| Panel 3: Highly visible users | Pre-COVID vaccine dataset | Post-COVID vaccine dataset | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro (n = 100) | Anti (n = 16) | Pro (n = 100) | Anti (n = 100) | |
| Astroturfing | 1.3 | 0.95 | 1.74 | 1.69 |
| Fake Follower | 0.53 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.8 |
| Financial | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Self-Declared | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.25 |
| Spammer | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| Other | 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.19 | 1.47 |
| Suspended/Deleted Accounts | 1 | 5 | 5 | 37 |
| Panel 3: Highly visible users | Pre-COVID vaccine dataset | Post-COVID vaccine dataset | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro ( | Anti ( | Pro ( | Anti ( | |
| Astroturfing | 1.3 | 0.95 | 1.74 | 1.69 |
| Fake Follower | 0.53 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.8 |
| Financial | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Self-Declared | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.25 |
| Spammer | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
| Other | 1.29 | 1.15 | 1.19 | 1.47 |
| Suspended/Deleted Accounts | 1 | 5 | 5 | 37 |
| Panel 4: Verified users | Pre-COVID vaccine dataset | Post-COVID vaccine dataset |
|---|---|---|
| Astroturfing | 1.29 | 1.35 |
| Fake Follower | 0.61 | 0.46 |
| Financial | 0.17 | 0.04 |
| Self-Declared | 0.19 | 0.13 |
| Spammer | 0.16 | 0.03 |
| Other | 1.49 | 1.26 |
| Suspended/Deleted Accounts | 0 | 98 |
| Panel 4: Verified users | Pre-COVID vaccine dataset | Post-COVID vaccine dataset |
|---|---|---|
| Astroturfing | 1.29 | 1.35 |
| Fake Follower | 0.61 | 0.46 |
| Financial | 0.17 | 0.04 |
| Self-Declared | 0.19 | 0.13 |
| Spammer | 0.16 | 0.03 |
| Other | 1.49 | 1.26 |
| Suspended/Deleted Accounts | 0 | 98 |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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