Table 1.

EMT and institutional theory

AspectEcological modernization theory (EMT)Institutional theoryInterconnections
Core conceptIntegrates environmental concerns into economic and technological developmentExamines how institutions (rules, norms and routines) shape social behaviourEMT norms can become embedded within institutional frameworks
StrengthsPromotes sustainable innovations and green technologiesProvides insights into how institutions influence behaviour and societal changeSustainable norms from EMT can drive institutional change
LimitationsMay overlook social inequalities and power dynamicsCan be slow to explain rapid environmental changes or innovationsIntegration of EMT norms into institutions can address these limitations
Examples of normsAdoption of green technologies, sustainable production methodsRegulatory frameworks, organizational practices, cultural normsSustainable practices from EMT get institutionalized
ApplicationUsed in policymaking, corporate strategies and environmental governanceApplied in analysing organizational behaviour, policy implementation and social practicesEMT policies and strategies influence institutional structures
Source: Authors’ elaboration

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