Table 2.

Diverse conceptualizations of servant leadership

Spears (1995)
10 components of servant leadership
Patterson (2003)
7 components of servant leadership
Sendjava et al. (2005)
6 components of servant leadership
Van Dierendonck and Nuijten, 20118 components of servant leadership
ListeningAgápao loveVoluntary subordinationStewardship
EmpathyHumilityAuthentic selfCourage
HealingAltruismCovenantal relationshipHumility
AwarenessVisionResponsible moralityAuthenticity
PersuasionTrustTranscendental spiritualityEmpowerment
ConceptualizationEmpowermentTransforming influenceForgiveness
ForesightService Standing back
Stewardship  Accountability
Helping people grow   
Building community   
Source: Author’s own work

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