Table 4

Interfaces, levers, and practice indicators (Japan—illustrative examples)

Interface (level to level)Dominant mechanismPractical lever (scope to apply)Practice indicators (to track recoupling)
Macro to meso (policy to organisation)Symbolic compliance; long working hours cultureDeclare core working hours for meetings and constrain scheduling outside them% of meetings held within core hours
Weak enforcementMandatory disclosure of the practice indicators abovePublic reporting coverage and compliance rate
Meso to micro (organisation to household)Gendered caregiving normsDefault flex job design and predictable rosters% of roles designated default
Low fathers’ uptake of leaveNon-transferable fathers’ leave plus manager supportFathers’ leave uptake and average duration
Note(s):

“Organisation” includes firms, public agencies and schools/universities. The levers and indicators are examples; organisations may adopt functionally equivalent measures suited to their context while keeping the same interface logic (macro to meso; meso to micro)

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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