Defining the cases for different time frames
| Time frame | Description |
|---|---|
| Entire period | The entire time duration of the study, from 2012 to 2021. In this case, voluntary and mandatory ESG reporting requirements are not considered |
| Voluntary | No mandatory requirement was enacted for reporting ESG information |
| Mandatory | From 2020 onwards, the Security and Commodities Authority required all listed companies in the UAE to publish sustainability reports (Al Tamimi, 2021) |
| Time frame | Description |
|---|---|
| Entire period | The entire time duration of the study, from 2012 to 2021. In this case, voluntary and mandatory ESG reporting requirements are not considered |
| Voluntary | No mandatory requirement was enacted for reporting ESG information |
| Mandatory | From 2020 onwards, the Security and Commodities Authority required all listed companies in the UAE to publish sustainability reports ( |