Table 5

Alternative testing variables (subdimensions of the independent testing variables) for CSR performance and firm risk

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)
Independent variablesStdROAStdROAStdROAStdROAStdROAStdROAStdROAStdROAStdROAStdROA
Resource−0.000017*** (−3.042)         
Emissions −0.000018*** (−3.292)        
Eco-innovation  −0.000012** (−2.359)       
Workforce   −0.000020*** (−3.219)      
Humanrights    −0.000031*** (−6.517)     
Community     −0.000019*** (−3.237)    
Productresp      −0.000020*** (−4.278)   
Management       −0.0000081* (−1.683)  
Shareholders        0.0000015 (0.321) 
CSRstrategy         −0.000019*** (−3.773)
Bsize0.000086 (1.497)0.000085 (1.471)0.000087 (1.518)0.000086 (1.493)0.000077 (1.347)0.000089 (1.543)0.000083 (1.440)0.000081 (1.401)0.000090 (1.560)0.000087 (1.522)
Bgdiversity−0.00015*** (−12.319)−0.00015*** (−12.297)−0.00015*** (−12.755)−0.00015*** (−12.578)−0.00014*** (−11.099)−0.00015*** (−12.583)−0.00015*** (−12.175)−0.00015*** (−12.757)−0.00016*** (−13.300)−0.00015*** (−12.264)
Bindependence−0.000017* (−1.773)−0.000017* (−1.729)−0.000017* (−1.751)−0.000017* (−1.739)−0.000017* (−1.754)−0.000017* (−1.714)−0.000017* (−1.773)−0.000015 (−1.492)−0.000017* (−1.716)−0.000017* (−1.752)
CEOpow0.0014*** (4.377)0.0014*** (4.355)0.0014*** (4.369)0.0014*** (4.332)0.0013*** (4.236)0.0014*** (4.444)0.0014*** (4.301)0.0013*** (4.196)0.0014*** (4.451)0.0014*** (4.315)
Fsize−0.0033*** (−12.879)−0.0033*** (−12.752)−0.0034*** (−13.502)−0.0033*** (−13.061)−0.0032*** (−12.592)−0.0034*** (−13.486)−0.0033*** (−13.059)−0.0035*** (−13.769)−0.0035*** (−13.935)−0.0033*** (−12.809)
ROA−0.033*** (−25.225)−0.033*** (−25.213)−0.033*** (−25.162)−0.033*** (−25.134)−0.034*** (−25.370)−0.033*** (−25.180)−0.033*** (−25.279)−0.033*** (−25.112)−0.033*** (−25.092)−0.033*** (−25.229)
Leverage0.0074*** (6.439)0.0074*** (6.428)0.0074*** (6.372)0.0073*** (6.338)0.0076*** (6.566)0.0074*** (6.376)0.0073*** (6.355)0.0074*** (6.405)0.0074*** (6.366)0.0074*** (6.372)
Currentr0.00051*** (5.165)0.00051*** (5.153)0.00051*** (5.201)0.00051*** (5.174)0.00051*** (5.207)0.00051*** (5.157)0.00051*** (5.181)0.00051*** (5.156)0.00051*** (5.168)0.00050*** (5.152)
RDintensity−0.0022*** (−2.763)−0.0022*** (−2.758)−0.0022*** (−2.729)−0.0022*** (−2.731)−0.0022*** (−2.784)−0.0022*** (−2.751)−0.0022*** (−2.741)−0.0022*** (−2.726)−0.0022*** (−2.737)−0.0022*** (−2.742)
FFP−0.0000022 (−0.195)−0.0000023 (−0.204)−0.0000022 (−0.192)−0.0000015 (−0.131)−0.0000017 (−0.153)−0.0000017 (−0.156)−0.0000028 (−0.245)−0.0000013 (−0.119)−0.0000020 (−0.175)−0.0000022 (−0.200)
Constant0.098*** (17.021)0.097*** (16.898)0.100*** (17.585)0.099*** (17.334)0.095*** (16.681)0.10*** (17.712)0.098*** (17.271)0.10*** (17.859)0.10*** (17.936)0.097*** (16.935)
Firm-year effectsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
N49,30549,30549,30549,30549,30549,30549,30549,30549,30549,305
R20.0280.0280.0280.0280.0290.0280.0280.0280.0280.028
F-stat.111.046***111.195***110.702***111.150***114.152***111.161***111.893***110.416***110.191***111.512***

Note(s):t-Statistics in parentheses. *p < 0.10, ***p < 0.01

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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