Table 1 Form and function of each... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Form and function of each category of intelligent and active packaging

SP	Category	Form	Function	References
Intelligent packaging	Time-temperature indicator (TTI)	Tag, label	Detect temperature fluctuations in a certain time frame	Biji et al. (2015), Fuertes et al. (2016), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Müller and Schmid (2019), Pavelková (2013), Poyatos-Racionero et al. (2018), Sani et al. (2021), Taoukis and Tsironi (2016), Wang et al. (2019), Ahari and Soufiani (2021)
	Gas indicator	Label, film, printing ink	Detect changes in the gas (O₂/CO₂) composition inside the packaging. Useful to detect packaging integrity and gas release from spoilage	Drago et al. (2020), Fuertes et al. (2016), Müller and Schmid (2019), Salgado et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2019), Ahari and Soufiani (2021)
	Freshness indicator	Label, tag	Detect metabolites released by food resulting from ripening (fruits and vegetables) or microbial growth	Drago et al. (2020), Mustafa and Andreescu (2018), Poyatos-Racionero et al. (2018), Taoukis and Tsironi (2016)
	Chemical sensor	Film	Detect the presence, concentration and composition of compounds resulting from chemical reactions of food spoilage (e.g. O₂, CO₂)	Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Müller and Schmid (2019)
	Biosensor	Film	Detect the presence, concentration and composition of compounds resulting from biological reactions of food spoilage (e.g. pathogens, toxins)	Barska and Wyrwa (2017), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Salgado et al. (2021), Sharma and Ghoshal (2018)
	Radio frequency identification (RFID)	Label	Store and communicate real-time product information, over long distances. Useful for traceability	Drago et al. (2020), Müller and Schmid (2019), Biji et al. (2015), Fuertes et al. (2016), Poyatos-Racionero et al. (2018), Salgado et al. (2021), Sharma and Ghoshal (2018), Soon and Manning (2019), Wang et al. (2019), Yousefi et al. (2019), Barska and Wyrwa (2017)
Active packaging	O₂ scavenger	Sachet, label, film, tray	Reduce the amount of O₂ inside the packaging to avoid oxidative food deterioration	Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Salgado et al. (2021), Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Barone et al. (2021)
Active packaging	CO₂ scavenger	Sachet, pad, film	Reduce the amount of CO₂ inside the packaging to avoid undesirable flavour, texture and colour	Mustafa and Andreescu (2018), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Barone et al. (2021)
	CO₂ emitter	Pad	Increase the amount of CO₂ inside the packaging to inhibit microbial growth and reduce respiration rate	Mustafa and Andreescu (2018), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Barone et al. (2021)
	Moisture absorber	Sachet, pad, sheet, tray	Reduce moisture inside the packaging to inhibit microbial growth	Alam et al. (2021), Drago et al. (2020), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Barone et al. (2021)
	Ethylene scavenger/absorber	Sachet, film	Reduce the amount of ethylene inside the packaging to delay ripening	Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Mustafa and Andreescu (2018), Salgado et al. (2021), Sharma and Ghoshal (2018), Wei et al. (2021), Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Barone et al. (2021)
	Antimicrobial emitter	Sachet, pad, sheet, tray, label, film	Increase the antimicrobial components inside the packaging to inhibit microbial growth	Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Ahari and Soufiani (2021), Barone et al. (2021)

SP	Category	Form	Function	References
Intelligent packaging	Time-temperature indicator (TTI)	Tag, label	Detect temperature fluctuations in a certain time frame	Biji et al. (2015), Fuertes et al. (2016), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Müller and Schmid (2019), Pavelková (2013), Poyatos-Racionero et al. (2018), Sani et al. (2021), Taoukis and Tsironi (2016), Wang et al. (2019), Ahari and Soufiani (2021)
	Gas indicator	Label, film, printing ink	Detect changes in the gas (O₂/CO₂) composition inside the packaging. Useful to detect packaging integrity and gas release from spoilage	Drago et al. (2020), Fuertes et al. (2016), Müller and Schmid (2019), Salgado et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2019), Ahari and Soufiani (2021)
	Freshness indicator	Label, tag	Detect metabolites released by food resulting from ripening (fruits and vegetables) or microbial growth	Drago et al. (2020), Mustafa and Andreescu (2018), Poyatos-Racionero et al. (2018), Taoukis and Tsironi (2016)
	Chemical sensor	Film	Detect the presence, concentration and composition of compounds resulting from chemical reactions of food spoilage (e.g. O₂, CO₂)	Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Müller and Schmid (2019)
	Biosensor	Film	Detect the presence, concentration and composition of compounds resulting from biological reactions of food spoilage (e.g. pathogens, toxins)	Barska and Wyrwa (2017), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Salgado et al. (2021), Sharma and Ghoshal (2018)
	Radio frequency identification (RFID)	Label	Store and communicate real-time product information, over long distances. Useful for traceability	Drago et al. (2020), Müller and Schmid (2019), Biji et al. (2015), Fuertes et al. (2016), Poyatos-Racionero et al. (2018), Salgado et al. (2021), Sharma and Ghoshal (2018), Soon and Manning (2019), Wang et al. (2019), Yousefi et al. (2019), Barska and Wyrwa (2017)
Active packaging	O₂ scavenger	Sachet, label, film, tray	Reduce the amount of O₂ inside the packaging to avoid oxidative food deterioration	Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Salgado et al. (2021), Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Barone et al. (2021)
Active packaging	CO₂ scavenger	Sachet, pad, film	Reduce the amount of CO₂ inside the packaging to avoid undesirable flavour, texture and colour	Mustafa and Andreescu (2018), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Barone et al. (2021)
	CO₂ emitter	Pad	Increase the amount of CO₂ inside the packaging to inhibit microbial growth and reduce respiration rate	Mustafa and Andreescu (2018), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Barone et al. (2021)
	Moisture absorber	Sachet, pad, sheet, tray	Reduce moisture inside the packaging to inhibit microbial growth	Alam et al. (2021), Drago et al. (2020), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Barone et al. (2021)
	Ethylene scavenger/absorber	Sachet, film	Reduce the amount of ethylene inside the packaging to delay ripening	Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Mustafa and Andreescu (2018), Salgado et al. (2021), Sharma and Ghoshal (2018), Wei et al. (2021), Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Barone et al. (2021)
	Antimicrobial emitter	Sachet, pad, sheet, tray, label, film	Increase the antimicrobial components inside the packaging to inhibit microbial growth	Vigneshwaran et al. (2019), Beshai et al. (2020), Biji et al. (2015), Drago et al. (2020), Janjarasskul and Suppakul (2018), Kuswandi and Jumina (2020), Wyrwa and Barska (2017), Ahari and Soufiani (2021), Barone et al. (2021)

Source(s): Authors’ own work, using information from literature.