Table 2 Key LMD criteria LMD criteria... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Key LMD criteria

LMD criteria	Description/examples	References
Senders' priorities
Cost	Includes cost of transport (e.g. cost of buying/leasing vehicles, fuel cost, maintenance cost), driver cost (e.g. hourly fees, cost of problem solving) and opportunity cost (e.g. failed delivery cost)	Mangiaracina et al. (2019), Peppel et al. (2022), Siragusa et al. (2022)
Applicability	Includes route planning, load assignment, delivery setup, and number and location of warehouse facilities	Dong et al. (2021), Hagberg and Hulthén (2022), Peppel et al. (2022)
Capacity	Includes payload, speed, range, refueling/recharging frequency, extreme weather resistance and maintenance requirements	Castillo et al. (2018), Ranieri et al. (2018), Wang and Odoni (2016)
Receivers' priorities
Time	Includes punctuality (i.e. receiving items within specified delivery windows) and reduced delivery time (i.e. minimizing the time between order placement and arrival)	Castillo et al. (2018), Mangiaracina et al. (2019), Rutner and Langley (2000)
Reach	Reaching receivers at their preferred destinations	Lim et al. (2018), Mangiaracina et al. (2019)
Item condition	Receiving the right item in the right quantity and condition (e.g. free from physical damage, before expiration period)	Rutner and Langley (2000), Shapiro and Heskett (1985)
Regulators' priorities
Policies	Includes creating/applying legal frameworks, licensing guidelines and training programs for operative and sustainable LMD	Ewedairo et al. (2018), Siragusa et al. (2022)
Infrastructure	Facilitating the necessary infrastructure for the transport mode to operate. Includes road networks, facilities to park/stop and amenities for maintenance and maneuvering	Ewedairo et al. (2018), Ignat and Chankov (2020)
Public acceptance	Maintaining the public's contentment with delivery systems and preserving their privacy and safety rights	Peppel et al. (2022), Siragusa et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2021)
Societies' priorities
Safety	Ensuring safety of traffic users, pedestrians, residents and animals as well as properties, landmarks and buildings	Ignat and Chankov (2020), Naclerio and De Giovanni (2022), Wang et al. (2021)
Privacy	Includes protecting people's identities and personal space and not collecting or using their identifiable data without their permission	Peppel et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2021)
Environment	Minimizing environmental externalities related to the LMD process (e.g. air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, noise pollution, congestion, visual intrusion, etc.)	Ignat and Chankov (2020), Siragusa et al. (2022)

LMD criteria	Description/examples	References
Senders' priorities
Cost	Includes cost of transport (e.g. cost of buying/leasing vehicles, fuel cost, maintenance cost), driver cost (e.g. hourly fees, cost of problem solving) and opportunity cost (e.g. failed delivery cost)	Mangiaracina et al. (2019), Peppel et al. (2022), Siragusa et al. (2022)
Applicability	Includes route planning, load assignment, delivery setup, and number and location of warehouse facilities	Dong et al. (2021), Hagberg and Hulthén (2022), Peppel et al. (2022)
Capacity	Includes payload, speed, range, refueling/recharging frequency, extreme weather resistance and maintenance requirements	Castillo et al. (2018), Ranieri et al. (2018), Wang and Odoni (2016)
Receivers' priorities
Time	Includes punctuality (i.e. receiving items within specified delivery windows) and reduced delivery time (i.e. minimizing the time between order placement and arrival)	Castillo et al. (2018), Mangiaracina et al. (2019), Rutner and Langley (2000)
Reach	Reaching receivers at their preferred destinations	Lim et al. (2018), Mangiaracina et al. (2019)
Item condition	Receiving the right item in the right quantity and condition (e.g. free from physical damage, before expiration period)	Rutner and Langley (2000), Shapiro and Heskett (1985)
Regulators' priorities
Policies	Includes creating/applying legal frameworks, licensing guidelines and training programs for operative and sustainable LMD	Ewedairo et al. (2018), Siragusa et al. (2022)
Infrastructure	Facilitating the necessary infrastructure for the transport mode to operate. Includes road networks, facilities to park/stop and amenities for maintenance and maneuvering	Ewedairo et al. (2018), Ignat and Chankov (2020)
Public acceptance	Maintaining the public's contentment with delivery systems and preserving their privacy and safety rights	Peppel et al. (2022), Siragusa et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2021)
Societies' priorities
Safety	Ensuring safety of traffic users, pedestrians, residents and animals as well as properties, landmarks and buildings	Ignat and Chankov (2020), Naclerio and De Giovanni (2022), Wang et al. (2021)
Privacy	Includes protecting people's identities and personal space and not collecting or using their identifiable data without their permission	Peppel et al. (2022), Wang et al. (2021)
Environment	Minimizing environmental externalities related to the LMD process (e.g. air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, noise pollution, congestion, visual intrusion, etc.)	Ignat and Chankov (2020), Siragusa et al. (2022)

Source(s): Created by authors