Table 9 12 × 12 matrix Cost... | Emerald Publishing

Table 9

12 × 12 matrix

	Cost	Applicability	Capacity	Time	Reach	Item condition	Policies	Infrastructure	Public acceptance	Safety	Privacy	Environment
Cost	169	142	85	154	50	12	16	42	11	23	7	27
Applicability	(+) Operating drones in tandem with trucks can lower LMD cost (−) Drone-truck setups require substantial upfront investments	197	103	173	61	14	9	42	4	19	3	25
Capacity	(+) Joint routing-charging strategies can lower cost and boost range capacity (−) Drones' limited payload/battery capacity entails costs of building extra hubs	(+) Drone-truck setups improve capacity by utilizing both means (−) Drones' limited capacity remains a barrier even when combined with trucks	136	106	50	17	16	33	12	28	8	22
Time	(+) Drones' timely/speedy deliveries reduce cost of delayed/failed deliveries (−) Realizing short delivery times incurs costs of dedicated drones and extra depots	(+) Drone-truck setups reduce delivery time by utilizing speed/access features of each mode (−) Optimizing time saving requires complex drone-truck setups	(+) Drones' flying capacity enables faster deliveries due to skipping barriers (−) Tradeoffs exist between travel range and time (due to wait times for charging/replacing batteries)	213	76	31	12	40	11	27	6	28
Reach	(+) Drones' ability to reach hard-to-access zones lowers driver- and land vehicles cost (−) Human intervention for reaching no-fly-zones can become costly	(+) Drone-truck setups can maximize reach potentials (−) Reach potentials of drone-truck setups can get obstructed by poor road networks	(+) Drones' flying capacity enables reaching hard-to-access zones (−) Drones' limited payload/battery capacity restricts their reach potentials	(+) Drones skip physical barriers to reach receivers faster (−) Possible delays in reaching receivers in urban areas due to limited landing space	100	19	13	38	11	22	8	17
Item condition	(+) Drones' preservation of items can lower wastage levels and cost (−) Damaging items by drones' aerial maneuvers raises insurance cost	(+) Drone-truck setups can increase item preservation through optimized speed (−) Drone-truck setups can increase susceptibility to damage due to reliance on multiple modes	(+) Light protection materials (e.g. foams) exist to accommodate drone’s limited payload capacity (−) Drone's limited payload/battery capacity restricts preservations to small and lightweight items	(+) Drones' fast deliveries preserve items from perishability (−) Haste may increase risks of drones crashing and damaging items	(+) Drones can deliver well-preserved items to hard-to-access zones (−) Reaching receivers in urban areas is accompanied with higher accident/damage risks	38	4	9	6	8	4	7
Policies	(+) Policies can standardize drone operations and lower tailoring cost (−) Regulatory compliance (e.g. licenses, airspace charges) can get costly	(+) Policies can facilitate drone-truck setups through streamlining operational, safety and risk issues (−) Drone-truck setups lack policies to guide route planning and inventory allocation	(+) Policies may endorse constructing charging hubs along delivery routes (−) Deficient regulatory support of UAV frequency extensions to boost drone range	(+) Policies can sponsor dedicated aerial highways to speed up drone deliveries (−) Some policies restrict drone flights to certain time frames	(+) Policies can support data coverage to expand drones' reach potentials (−) Restricting drone flights to certain zones (e.g. VLOS) can limit their reach potentials	(+) Policies can support creating clear preservation criteria for each type of item (−) Payload restrictions limit item preservation potentials to small/lightweight items	39	25	17	22	18	9
Infrastructure	(+) Drone-truck delivery infrastructures are more feasible than truck/drone only ones (−) Drone deliveries require ample investments in tangible/intangible infrastructural assets	(+) Flexibility in selecting suitable drone-truck setups based on existent infrastructure (−) Deficient inclusive infrastructures to support drone-truck delivery setups	(+) Infrastructural assets (e.g. hubs, networks) can offset drones' limited payload/battery capacity (−) Lacking infrastructures to support battery charging/maintenance along routes	(+) Certain infrastructural assets (e.g. aerial highways, data networks) enable timely deliveries (−) Inadequate infrastructures (e.g. landing spots, hubs, data networks) delay deliveries	(+) Certain infrastructural assets (e.g. data networks) can maximize drone reach potentials (−) Weak signals in complex environments with high interferences limits reach potentials	(+) Data and communication networks enable live monitoring of item's conditions (−) Communication interferences increase risk of drones crashing and damaging items	(+) Regulators can host air-traffic management systems (e.g. UTM) to provide inclusive infrastructures (−) Most cities' infrastructures are not ready for drone deliveries	84	13	31	16	16
Public acceptance	(+) Public acceptance enables widespread adoption (scale economies) (−) People are not willing to pay extra for drone deliveries	(+) Public acceptance can expedite adopting drone-truck setups in/around cities (−) Public’s preference of drones surrounding city centers limits drone-truck applicability	(+) Public acceptance can prompt installing charging hubs to revive capacity (−) Public skepticism can limit the spread of charging hubs along routes	(+) Public acceptance can expand flight domains to shorten travel time (−) Public disapproval of flights in certain zones can prolong deliveries	(+) Public acceptance can expand flight domains and reach potentials (−) Public disapproval of flights in certain zones restricts reaching these zones	(+) Public acceptance can expand flight domains, shorten time and preserve items from perishability (−) Public skepticism of drones' utility can demotivate preservation innovations	(+) Public opinions can guide policies on prioritized drone issues (−) Antigovernment movements can hinder/slow down drones' adoption	(+) Public acceptance can expedite rollout of infrastructural assets (−) Public disapproval can obstruct installing/operating supportive infrastructures	38	22	19	12
Safety	(+) Drones' potential to save lives lowers cost of health emergency services (−) Risks of drones' accidents entails new insurance costs	(+) Distributing loads between drones and trucks lowers traffic congestions and accidents (−) Drone-truck setups are prone to both road and flight accidents	(+) Charging drones lowers chance of accidents due to battery outage (−) Drone's battery outage/detachment can lead to crashes	(+) Drones' fast deliveries of critical items create health benefits to receivers (−) Haste may increase risks of drones crashing and pausing safety risks	(+) Drones can deliver life-saving items to hard-to-access patients/affected persons (−) Reaching receivers in urban areas accompanies high accident risks	(+) Drones' ability to preserve/monitor medical items can save lives (−) Drone crashes can damage delivered items	(+) Drones' ability to preserve/monitor medical items can save lives (−) Drone accidents can damage delivered items	(+) Pre-flight conflict detection and resolution systems enable collision-free flights (−) Most cities do not have adequate infrastructures to warrant safe flights	(+) Drone's potential to bring health benefits can expedite public acceptance (−) The public voiced serious concerns about drone's safety risks	62	22	13
Privacy	(+) Drones can substitute costly invasive alternatives (e.g. helicopters, patrols) for rescue missions (−) Guarding against privacy violations incurs extra costs (e.g. licensing, insurance, lobbying)	(+) Drone-truck setups can replace invasive methods (e.g. dogs, break-ins) in last legs of rescue missions (−) Drone-truck setups demand adhering to privacy rules for both roads and airspace	(+) Extending drone's flight range enables capturing more data to support crime detection (−) Extending drone's flight range can increase risks of privacy violations	(+) Drones' fast deliveries lower the duration of data exposure through cameras/sensors (−) Evading flights over restrained zones (e.g. private spaces) can prolong deliveries	(+) Supplying drones with cameras expands reach and crime prevention potentials (−) Using cameras/sensors to reach receivers in crowded regions amplifies privacy concerns	(+) Drone can protect items from theft and loss to unauthorized parties (−) Monitoring preserved items can require GPS tracking, creating privacy concerns	(+) Policies can protect privacy violations by drone deliveries (−) Drone deliveries expose loopholes in privacy laws (e.g. filming interiors)	(+) Infrastructures can institute privacy protection mechanisms for all parties (−) Drone infrastructures require massive amount of data with privacy protection needs	(+) The potential to use flight data for a good cause (e.g. fighting crime) may expedite public acceptance (−) The public voiced serious privacy concerns with drone deliveries	(+) Privacy protection for drone use goes in line with safety protection (−) Privacy invasion of collected data can lead to safety risks	29	7
Environment	(+) Drones can substitute traditional vehicles with higher emissions and operational cost (−) Tradeoffs exist between drones' reduced CO₂ emissions and costs (e.g. equipment)	(+) Drone-truck setups can significantly lower LMD's energy consumption (−) Emission savings via drone-truck setups heavily relies on the power source for both modes	(+) Drones' flying capacity lowers traffic jams and their subsequent emissions (−) Charging drones along delivery routes requires numerous hubs alongside building/operating energy needs	(+) Drones can skip and reduce traffic jams, reducing both delivery time and emissions (−) Achieving faster deliveries requires operating new delivery centers with energy needs	(+) Drones' environmental performance excels when delivering to rural areas (−) Reaching receivers in urban areas accompanies higher environmental risks	(+) Drones' protection of items lowers wastage levels (−) Drone crashes can both damage carried items and emit harmful debris	(+) Policies can put pressure on lowering drones' emissions (especially in production) (−) Stricter flight policies in urban areas significantly increase drones' emissions	(+) Drones can become a better eco-solution in urban areas through greener infrastructures (e.g. hubs powered by clean energy) (−) Instructing/running full drone infrastructures consumes vast energy	(+) Drones' potential to lower traffic congestions and emissions expedites public acceptance (−) The public voiced concerns about drones' noise pollution	(+) Drone deliveries can lower harmful pollution from traffic congestions (−) Drone accidents can emit harmful debris and pose safety risks to people and wildlife	(+) Drones can benefit both environmental and privacy causes (−) Operating drones in urban areas suffers from amplified privacy and environmental concerns	51

	Cost	Applicability	Capacity	Time	Reach	Item condition	Policies	Infrastructure	Public acceptance	Safety	Privacy	Environment
Cost	169	142	85	154	50	12	16	42	11	23	7	27
Applicability	(+) Operating drones in tandem with trucks can lower LMD cost(−) Drone-truck setups require substantial upfront investments	197	103	173	61	14	9	42	4	19	3	25
Capacity	(+) Joint routing-charging strategies can lower cost and boost range capacity(−) Drones' limited payload/battery capacity entails costs of building extra hubs	(+) Drone-truck setups improve capacity by utilizing both means(−) Drones' limited capacity remains a barrier even when combined with trucks	136	106	50	17	16	33	12	28	8	22
Time	(+) Drones' timely/speedy deliveries reduce cost of delayed/failed deliveries(−) Realizing short delivery times incurs costs of dedicated drones and extra depots	(+) Drone-truck setups reduce delivery time by utilizing speed/access features of each mode(−) Optimizing time saving requires complex drone-truck setups	(+) Drones' flying capacity enables faster deliveries due to skipping barriers(−) Tradeoffs exist between travel range and time (due to wait times for charging/replacing batteries)	213	76	31	12	40	11	27	6	28
Reach	(+) Drones' ability to reach hard-to-access zones lowers driver- and land vehicles cost(−) Human intervention for reaching no-fly-zones can become costly	(+) Drone-truck setups can maximize reach potentials(−) Reach potentials of drone-truck setups can get obstructed by poor road networks	(+) Drones' flying capacity enables reaching hard-to-access zones(−) Drones' limited payload/battery capacity restricts their reach potentials	(+) Drones skip physical barriers to reach receivers faster(−) Possible delays in reaching receivers in urban areas due to limited landing space	100	19	13	38	11	22	8	17
Item condition	(+) Drones' preservation of items can lower wastage levels and cost(−) Damaging items by drones' aerial maneuvers raises insurance cost	(+) Drone-truck setups can increase item preservation through optimized speed(−) Drone-truck setups can increase susceptibility to damage due to reliance on multiple modes	(+) Light protection materials (e.g. foams) exist to accommodate drone’s limited payload capacity(−) Drone's limited payload/battery capacity restricts preservations to small and lightweight items	(+) Drones' fast deliveries preserve items from perishability(−) Haste may increase risks of drones crashing and damaging items	(+) Drones can deliver well-preserved items to hard-to-access zones(−) Reaching receivers in urban areas is accompanied with higher accident/damage risks	38	4	9	6	8	4	7
Policies	(+) Policies can standardize drone operations and lower tailoring cost(−) Regulatory compliance (e.g. licenses, airspace charges) can get costly	(+) Policies can facilitate drone-truck setups through streamlining operational, safety and risk issues(−) Drone-truck setups lack policies to guide route planning and inventory allocation	(+) Policies may endorse constructing charging hubs along delivery routes(−) Deficient regulatory support of UAV frequency extensions to boost drone range	(+) Policies can sponsor dedicated aerial highways to speed up drone deliveries(−) Some policies restrict drone flights to certain time frames	(+) Policies can support data coverage to expand drones' reach potentials(−) Restricting drone flights to certain zones (e.g. VLOS) can limit their reach potentials	(+) Policies can support creating clear preservation criteria for each type of item(−) Payload restrictions limit item preservation potentials to small/lightweight items	39	25	17	22	18	9
Infrastructure	(+) Drone-truck delivery infrastructures are more feasible than truck/drone only ones(−) Drone deliveries require ample investments in tangible/intangible infrastructural assets	(+) Flexibility in selecting suitable drone-truck setups based on existent infrastructure(−) Deficient inclusive infrastructures to support drone-truck delivery setups	(+) Infrastructural assets (e.g. hubs, networks) can offset drones' limited payload/battery capacity(−) Lacking infrastructures to support battery charging/maintenance along routes	(+) Certain infrastructural assets (e.g. aerial highways, data networks) enable timely deliveries(−) Inadequate infrastructures (e.g. landing spots, hubs, data networks) delay deliveries	(+) Certain infrastructural assets (e.g. data networks) can maximize drone reach potentials(−) Weak signals in complex environments with high interferences limits reach potentials	(+) Data and communication networks enable live monitoring of item's conditions(−) Communication interferences increase risk of drones crashing and damaging items	(+) Regulators can host air-traffic management systems (e.g. UTM) to provide inclusive infrastructures(−) Most cities' infrastructures are not ready for drone deliveries	84	13	31	16	16
Public acceptance	(+) Public acceptance enables widespread adoption (scale economies)(−) People are not willing to pay extra for drone deliveries	(+) Public acceptance can expedite adopting drone-truck setups in/around cities(−) Public’s preference of drones surrounding city centers limits drone-truck applicability	(+) Public acceptance can prompt installing charging hubs to revive capacity(−) Public skepticism can limit the spread of charging hubs along routes	(+) Public acceptance can expand flight domains to shorten travel time(−) Public disapproval of flights in certain zones can prolong deliveries	(+) Public acceptance can expand flight domains and reach potentials(−) Public disapproval of flights in certain zones restricts reaching these zones	(+) Public acceptance can expand flight domains, shorten time and preserve items from perishability(−) Public skepticism of drones' utility can demotivate preservation innovations	(+) Public opinions can guide policies on prioritized drone issues(−) Antigovernment movements can hinder/slow down drones' adoption	(+) Public acceptance can expedite rollout of infrastructural assets(−) Public disapproval can obstruct installing/operating supportive infrastructures	38	22	19	12
Safety	(+) Drones' potential to save lives lowers cost of health emergency services(−) Risks of drones' accidents entails new insurance costs	(+) Distributing loads between drones and trucks lowers traffic congestions and accidents(−) Drone-truck setups are prone to both road and flight accidents	(+) Charging drones lowers chance of accidents due to battery outage(−) Drone's battery outage/detachment can lead to crashes	(+) Drones' fast deliveries of critical items create health benefits to receivers(−) Haste may increase risks of drones crashing and pausing safety risks	(+) Drones can deliver life-saving items to hard-to-access patients/affected persons(−) Reaching receivers in urban areas accompanies high accident risks	(+) Drones' ability to preserve/monitor medical items can save lives(−) Drone crashes can damage delivered items	(+) Drones' ability to preserve/monitor medical items can save lives(−) Drone accidents can damage delivered items	(+) Pre-flight conflict detection and resolution systems enable collision-free flights(−) Most cities do not have adequate infrastructures to warrant safe flights	(+) Drone's potential to bring health benefits can expedite public acceptance(−) The public voiced serious concerns about drone's safety risks	62	22	13
Privacy	(+) Drones can substitute costly invasive alternatives (e.g. helicopters, patrols) for rescue missions(−) Guarding against privacy violations incurs extra costs (e.g. licensing, insurance, lobbying)	(+) Drone-truck setups can replace invasive methods (e.g. dogs, break-ins) in last legs of rescue missions(−) Drone-truck setups demand adhering to privacy rules for both roads and airspace	(+) Extending drone's flight range enables capturing more data to support crime detection(−) Extending drone's flight range can increase risks of privacy violations	(+) Drones' fast deliveries lower the duration of data exposure through cameras/sensors(−) Evading flights over restrained zones (e.g. private spaces) can prolong deliveries	(+) Supplying drones with cameras expands reach and crime prevention potentials(−) Using cameras/sensors to reach receivers in crowded regions amplifies privacy concerns	(+) Drone can protect items from theft and loss to unauthorized parties(−) Monitoring preserved items can require GPS tracking, creating privacy concerns	(+) Policies can protect privacy violations by drone deliveries(−) Drone deliveries expose loopholes in privacy laws (e.g. filming interiors)	(+) Infrastructures can institute privacy protection mechanisms for all parties(−) Drone infrastructures require massive amount of data with privacy protection needs	(+) The potential to use flight data for a good cause (e.g. fighting crime) may expedite public acceptance(−) The public voiced serious privacy concerns with drone deliveries	(+) Privacy protection for drone use goes in line with safety protection(−) Privacy invasion of collected data can lead to safety risks	29	7
Environment	(+) Drones can substitute traditional vehicles with higher emissions and operational cost(−) Tradeoffs exist between drones' reduced CO₂ emissions and costs (e.g. equipment)	(+) Drone-truck setups can significantly lower LMD's energy consumption(−) Emission savings via drone-truck setups heavily relies on the power source for both modes	(+) Drones' flying capacity lowers traffic jams and their subsequent emissions(−) Charging drones along delivery routes requires numerous hubs alongside building/operating energy needs	(+) Drones can skip and reduce traffic jams, reducing both delivery time and emissions(−) Achieving faster deliveries requires operating new delivery centers with energy needs	(+) Drones' environmental performance excels when delivering to rural areas(−) Reaching receivers in urban areas accompanies higher environmental risks	(+) Drones' protection of items lowers wastage levels(−) Drone crashes can both damage carried items and emit harmful debris	(+) Policies can put pressure on lowering drones' emissions (especially in production)(−) Stricter flight policies in urban areas significantly increase drones' emissions	(+) Drones can become a better eco-solution in urban areas through greener infrastructures (e.g. hubs powered by clean energy)(−) Instructing/running full drone infrastructures consumes vast energy	(+) Drones' potential to lower traffic congestions and emissions expedites public acceptance(−) The public voiced concerns about drones' noise pollution	(+) Drone deliveries can lower harmful pollution from traffic congestions(−) Drone accidents can emit harmful debris and pose safety risks to people and wildlife	(+) Drones can benefit both environmental and privacy causes(−) Operating drones in urban areas suffers from amplified privacy and environmental concerns	51

Note(s): Diagonal values: number of articles emphasizing the factor; above diagonal values: interconnections; below diagonal values: relationships (+) positive (−) negative

Source(s): Created by authors