Table 3. Summary of the effects Theme... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Summary of the effects

Theme	Description	Affected places in SSA	References
Biodiversity loss	Wetland areas are diminishing, limiting their ability to absorb floods and support biodiversity	Nairobi River Basin − Kenya Lagos Lagoon − Nigeria Okavango Delta − Botswana Cape Flats wetlands − South Africa	(Balwan and Kour, 2021; Blanckenberg et al., 2020; Gitonga and Kanyepi, 2022; Leisher et al., 2022; Mosepele and Mosepele, 2021; Stephenson et al., 2020; Thamaga et al., 2022; Orie, 2017)
Flooding and altered hydrology	Uncontrolled construction in floodplains has increased the frequency and severity of flooding in the city since wetlands that used to absorb excess water have been built over	Incomati River wetlands − Mozambique Msimbazi River Basin − Tanzania Jukskei River catchment − South Africa	(Ekolu et al., 2024; Ficchì and Stephens, 2019; Geris et al., 2022; Hoguane and Antonio, 2016; Ketter, 2018; Kibugu et al., 2022; Moeketsi et al., 2022)
Water quality degradation	Reduced water filtering capacity leads to lower water quality in the city’s rivers and streams	Nyabarongo Wetlands − Rwanda Nakivubo Swamp − Uganda Densu Delta wetlands − Ghana Niger River wetlands − Mali	(Chen et al., 2022; Donatus et al., 2022; Diop et al., 2022; Gatwaza and Wang, 2021; Lapworth et al., 2017; Nkiaka et al., 2021; Nalubega and Kansiime, 2020; Thompson et al., 2017)
Loss of livelihoods	The degradation of these wetlands has resulted in decreasing fish stocks and agricultural output, causing economic hardship and food security issues for locals	Mombasa wetlands, including the Tudor Creek area (Kenya) Senegal River Delta in Saint-Louis Lekki region of Lagos − Nigeria	(Adhya and Banerjee, 2022; Ballut-Dajud et al., 2022; Idiege et al., 2017; Kundu et al., 2024; Nyamao, 2015; Triplet et al., 2018; Zekarias et al., 2021)

Theme	Description	Affected places in SSA	References
Biodiversity loss	Wetland areas are diminishing, limiting their ability to absorb floods and support biodiversity	Nairobi River Basin − Kenya Lagos Lagoon − Nigeria Okavango Delta − Botswana Cape Flats wetlands − South Africa	(Balwan and Kour, 2021; Blanckenberg et al., 2020; Gitonga and Kanyepi, 2022; Leisher et al., 2022; Mosepele and Mosepele, 2021; Stephenson et al., 2020; Thamaga et al., 2022; Orie, 2017)
Flooding and altered hydrology	Uncontrolled construction in floodplains has increased the frequency and severity of flooding in the city since wetlands that used to absorb excess water have been built over	Incomati River wetlands − Mozambique Msimbazi River Basin − Tanzania Jukskei River catchment − South Africa	(Ekolu et al., 2024; Ficchì and Stephens, 2019; Geris et al., 2022; Hoguane and Antonio, 2016; Ketter, 2018; Kibugu et al., 2022; Moeketsi et al., 2022)
Water quality degradation	Reduced water filtering capacity leads to lower water quality in the city’s rivers and streams	Nyabarongo Wetlands − Rwanda Nakivubo Swamp − Uganda Densu Delta wetlands − Ghana Niger River wetlands − Mali	(Chen et al., 2022; Donatus et al., 2022; Diop et al., 2022; Gatwaza and Wang, 2021; Lapworth et al., 2017; Nkiaka et al., 2021; Nalubega and Kansiime, 2020; Thompson et al., 2017)
Loss of livelihoods	The degradation of these wetlands has resulted in decreasing fish stocks and agricultural output, causing economic hardship and food security issues for locals	Mombasa wetlands, including the Tudor Creek area (Kenya) Senegal River Delta in Saint-Louis Lekki region of Lagos − Nigeria	(Adhya and Banerjee, 2022; Ballut-Dajud et al., 2022; Idiege et al., 2017; Kundu et al., 2024; Nyamao, 2015; Triplet et al., 2018; Zekarias et al., 2021)

Source(s): Authors’ own work