Table 4.

Summary of urbanization patterns

PatternImpact on wetlandsLocations
Sprawling urbanizationHorizontal expansion causing habitat loss, floodplain development and biodiversity threatsLagos (Nigeria), Kinshasa (Congo)
DensificationIncreased pollution, stormwater runoff and stress on adjacent wetlandsJohannesburg (South Africa)
Informal settlementsPollution, waste accumulation and habitat degradationKorle Lagoon (Accra)
Fragmented urbanizationFragmentation of wetland habitats reducing ecological connectivitySakumo Lagoon (Ghana), Ndiaël Basin (Senegal)
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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