Evaluation of housing markets and social inclusion in Hawassa city (see Appendix for housing options captured during field observation in 2023)
| Housing options | Attributes of social inclusion (Elsinga et al., 2020) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accessibility | Procedural justice | Affordability | Justifications | Levels and approaches of social exclusion (Beall, 2002); (Bulger et al., 2021) | |
| Kebele rental housing | x | x | ✓ | These housing options are not adequately accessible to the target low-income residents, are claimed to be hijacked by government officials, and lack procedural transparency (field data) | Structural and relational level exclusions/transformational approaches of exclusion |
| Government-owned cost-saving houses | x | x | ✓ | These housing options are only meant for government officers holding office responsibilities | Structural level and relational level exclusions/transformational approaches of exclusion |
| Lease-based housing | x | ✓x | ✓ | As per the policy review and key informants, these housing options have been abandoned in favor of tender-based housing options and have been characterized by structurally excluding low-income residents over the years | Structural level exclusions/neoliberal approaches of exclusion |
| Housing through cooperative societies | ✓x | ✓x | ✓x | These housing options are mainly meant for targeted households and structurally alienates others outside this group | Structural and relational level exclusions/ transformational approaches of exclusion |
| Condominiums | ✓ | ✓ | ✓x | Using key informants and document review, these housing options are evaluated as accessible and transparent during implementation. However, it was found to be less affordable (less than 20% of the targeted low-income households) | Structural and personal level exclusions/neoliberal approaches of exclusion |
| Tender-based housing | ✓x | ✓x | x | These housing options are meant for higher income groups and speculators, though they are partially accessible and procedurally transparent. They favor market-value over use-value due to rapid commercialization | Structural level exclusion and personal level exclusions/neoliberal approaches of exclusion |
| Informal housing | ✓ | ✓ | ✓x | The affordability of this housing option has been questioned in recent years, given the penetration of brokers and speculators in the market. Informal networks among actors adversely impacted prices over the years | Relational level and personal level exclusions/neoliberal and transformational approaches of exclusion |
| Housing options | Attributes of social inclusion ( | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accessibility | Procedural justice | Affordability | Justifications | Levels and approaches of social exclusion ( | |
| Kebele rental housing | x | x | ✓ | These housing options are not adequately accessible to the target low-income residents, are claimed to be hijacked by government officials, and lack procedural transparency (field data) | Structural and relational level exclusions/transformational approaches of exclusion |
| Government-owned cost-saving houses | x | x | ✓ | These housing options are only meant for government officers holding office responsibilities | Structural level and relational level exclusions/transformational approaches of exclusion |
| Lease-based housing | x | ✓x | ✓ | As per the policy review and key informants, these housing options have been abandoned in favor of tender-based housing options and have been characterized by structurally excluding low-income residents over the years | Structural level exclusions/neoliberal approaches of exclusion |
| Housing through cooperative societies | ✓x | ✓x | ✓x | These housing options are mainly meant for targeted households and structurally alienates others outside this group | Structural and relational level exclusions/ transformational approaches of exclusion |
| Condominiums | ✓ | ✓ | ✓x | Using key informants and document review, these housing options are evaluated as accessible and transparent during implementation. However, it was found to be less affordable (less than 20% of the targeted low-income households) | Structural and personal level exclusions/neoliberal approaches of exclusion |
| Tender-based housing | ✓x | ✓x | x | These housing options are meant for higher income groups and speculators, though they are partially accessible and procedurally transparent. They favor market-value over use-value due to rapid commercialization | Structural level exclusion and personal level exclusions/neoliberal approaches of exclusion |
| Informal housing | ✓ | ✓ | ✓x | The affordability of this housing option has been questioned in recent years, given the penetration of brokers and speculators in the market. Informal networks among actors adversely impacted prices over the years | Relational level and personal level exclusions/neoliberal and transformational approaches of exclusion |
✓ = Yes; x = No; ✓x =; yes/no
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