Table 4 Clusters of connecting...

Table 4

Clusters of connecting behaviours in the extended ecosystem of a tourism destination

Variables	Clusters				Kruskal-Wallis H
	Inward-ICT (n = 169)	Outward-ISEN (n = 159)	Outward-general-ICT (n = 252)	Outward-travel-tech (n = 33)
Clustering variables	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
External index	−0.21	0.45	0.89	0.59	N/A
ICT index	0.73	−0.14	0.86	0.87	N/A
T-Tech index	−0.58	−0.88	−0.86	0.46	N/A

Variables	Clusters				Kruskal-Wallis H
	Inward-ICT (n = 169)	Outward-ISEN (n = 159)	Outward-general-ICT (n = 252)	Outward-travel-tech (n = 33)
Clustering variables	Mean	Mean	Mean	Mean
External index	−0.21	0.45	0.89	0.59	N/A
ICT index	0.73	−0.14	0.86	0.87	N/A
T-Tech index	−0.58	−0.88	−0.86	0.46	N/A

Descriptive variables	Rank	Rank	Rank	Rank
Ecosystem leadership	288	406	269	220	71.442*
Integration level	335	375	255	239	57.366*
Mediation	349	346	261	256	66.568*
Variety of connections	419	445	160	193	357.514*
Connecting activity (CA)	382	438	196	139	245.716*
CA: tourism actors	460	407	155	207	388.633*
CA: ISEN actors	275	512	217	175	330.482*
CA: ICT actors	301	369	292	150	47.545*
CA: general ICT	280	382	309	67	93.685*
CA: travel tech	386	279	248	483	116.115*

Descriptive variables	Rank	Rank	Rank	Rank
Ecosystem leadership	288	406	269	220	71.442*
Integration level	335	375	255	239	57.366*
Mediation	349	346	261	256	66.568*
Variety of connections	419	445	160	193	357.514*
Connecting activity (CA)	382	438	196	139	245.716*
CA: tourism actors	460	407	155	207	388.633*
CA: ISEN actors	275	512	217	175	330.482*
CA: ICT actors	301	369	292	150	47.545*
CA: general ICT	280	382	309	67	93.685*
CA: travel tech	386	279	248	483	116.115*

Composition of clusters according to tourism sectors	Row N %	Row N %	Row N %	Row N %
DMOs	100%	0%	0%	0%	N/A
Tourism-related public bodies	2%	98%	0%	0%	N/A
Natural and cultural resources	26.5%	39%	34.5%	0%	N/A
Accommodations	35%	8%	48%	9%	N/A
Sports and recreation service companies	9%	22%	66%	4%	N/A
Travel agencies and other reservation services	16%	23%	58%	3%	N/A

Composition of clusters according to tourism sectors	Row N %	Row N %	Row N %	Row N %
DMOs	100%	0%	0%	0%	N/A
Tourism-related public bodies	2%	98%	0%	0%	N/A
Natural and cultural resources	26.5%	39%	34.5%	0%	N/A
Accommodations	35%	8%	48%	9%	N/A
Sports and recreation service companies	9%	22%	66%	4%	N/A
Travel agencies and other reservation services	16%	23%	58%	3%	N/A

Note(s): Clusters were formed based on the K-means clustering methodology. N/A refers to “not applicable.” ISEN refers to “institutional and socio-economic non-tourism actors.” *Significant at the level p < 0.001, df = 3

Source(s): Created by authors

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