Table 3. Levels of decision-making in... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Levels of decision-making in closed-loop supply chain management (information from: Yu and Solvang, 2020; Sheriff et al., 2012; Misni and Lee, 2017; Ivanov et al., 2010)

	Strategic	Tactical	Operational
Level of decision-making	First level	Second level	Second level
Impact on supply chain performance	Long-term impact	Medium-term impact	Short-term impact
Costs associated with changes	Very expensive to change	Easy and inexpensive to change	Easy and inexpensive to change
Expectations	It should be robust to withstand changes in external environment	Should be flexible to adapt to changes in the external environment	Should be flexible to adapt to changes in the external environment
Decisions made in level	a. Number of facilities b. location and allocation of facilities c. capacity of facilities d. co-ordination of supply chain network e. return policies	a. Production planning b. inventory management c. Procurement d. returns forecasting e. disposition strategies f. hazardous waste treatment and transportation	a. Vehicle planning and scheduling b. dynamic pricing c. order batching d. order picking e. routine picking f. vehicle routing

	Strategic	Tactical	Operational
Level of decision-making	First level	Second level	Second level
Impact on supply chain performance	Long-term impact	Medium-term impact	Short-term impact
Costs associated with changes	Very expensive to change	Easy and inexpensive to change	Easy and inexpensive to change
Expectations	It should be robust to withstand changes in external environment	Should be flexible to adapt to changes in the external environment	Should be flexible to adapt to changes in the external environment
Decisions made in level	a. Number of facilitiesb. location andallocation of facilitiesc. capacity of facilitiesd. co-ordination ofsupply chain networke. return policies	a. Production planningb. inventorymanagementc. Procurementd. returns forecastinge. disposition strategiesf. hazardous wastetreatment andtransportation	a. Vehicle planning andschedulingb. dynamic pricingc. order batchingd. order pickinge. routine pickingf. vehicle routing

Source(s): Author’s own creation/work