Table 1.

Factor loadings, validity and reliability results

LabelConcepts and measures (Cronbach’s alpha/composite reliability/ average variance extracted)Loading (t-value)
GSCMPGreen supply chain management practices. For the past three years, my company… (0.93/0.91/0.80)
GSCMP1Uses cross-functional teams to improve environmental performance0.820 (FIXED)
GSCMP2My company makes sure that its suppliers use non-hazardous and biodegradable packaging0.811 (18.72)
GSCMP3Together with suppliers, we decide how to lessen the overall environmental impact of our products0.769 (16.33)
GSCMP4We collaborate with our clients on eco-design0.777 (16.93)
GSCMP5We work with our suppliers to enhance efforts to reduce waste0.794 (18.27)
GSCMP6We officially monitor and report on the environmental performance of our organisation0.808 (18.56)
INSPRESInstitutional pressure. For the past three years… (0.93/0.92/0.88)
INSPRES1Our most important suppliers think that we ought to implement GSCM practices0.883 (20.06)
INSPRES2Green supply chain practices are currently being widely used by our major competitors0.889 (20.28)
INSPRES3Our organisation is compelled to adopt environmentally friendly operations due to strict government rules on environmental preservation0.843 (18.48)
INSPRES4Our company has adopted green practices because of consumers’ growing environmental sensitivity0.855 (FIXED)
GTECHINNOVGreen technological innovation. For the past three years… (0.91/0.89/0.79)
GTECHINNOV1We have introduced products and services with distinctive environmental and technological qualities0.939 (17.78)
GTECHINNOV2We use state-of-the-art technologies for new product and service development0.677(12.90)
GTECHINNOV3We have been competitive when it comes to green technology0.703 (FIXED)
GTECHINNOV4We adopt the newest green technological developments rapidly0.798 (15.45)
GTECHINNOV5The policies, practices and green technology of our organization change rapidly0.818 (15.64)
FPERFFirm performance. For the past three years… (0.88/0.94/0.87)
FPERF1We have experienced growth in market share0.883 (14.46)
PERF2We have experienced an increase in sales0.889 (13.72)
FPERF3We have witnessed a growth in profitability0.843 (14.00)
FPERF4My firm has been able to reduce labour turnover0.855 (12.80)
FPERF5We have been able to improve on overall performance of our firm0.883 (FIXED)
Note(s):

GSCMP = green supply chain management; INSPRES = institutional pressure; GTECHINNOV = green technological innovation; FPERF = firm performance

Source(s): Authors’ own work (2024)

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