Table 5. Path analysis results Direct...

Table 5.

Path analysis results

Direct effects	β	T-value	p-Value	Q²	R²
Goal achievement → Attitude toward fitness (H1a)	0.330	8.424	0.000*	0.083	0.14
Goal achievement → Health preoccupation (H1b)	0.335	8.425	0.000*	0.060	0.109
Goal achievement → Healthy identity (H1c)	0.236	6.122	0.000*	0.068	0.108
Failure avoidance → Attitude toward fitness (H2a)	−0.109	3.156	0.001*	0.083	0.14
Failure avoidance → Health preoccupation (H2b)	0.040	0.929	0.177	0.060	0.109
Failure avoidance → Healthy identity (H2c)	−0.117	2.724	0.003*	0.068	0.108
Social norms → Attitude toward fitness (H3a)	−0.083	2.172	0.015*	0.083	0.14
Social norms → Health preoccupation (H3b)	−0.008	0.170	0.433	0.060	0.109
Social norms → Healthy identity (H3c)	−0.162	3.782	0.000*	0.068	0.108
Attitude toward fitness → flow experience^	0.201	4.163	0.000*	0.051	0.105
Health preoccupation → flow experience^	0.106	2.146	0.016*	0.051	0.105
Healthy identity → flow experience^	0.111	2.153	0.016*	0.051	0.105
Flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.309	7.513	0.000*	0.237	0.317
Flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.382	8.989	0.000*	0.244	0.341

Direct effects	β	T-value	p-Value	Q²	R²
Goal achievement → Attitude toward fitness (H1a)	0.330	8.424	0.000*	0.083	0.14
Goal achievement → Health preoccupation (H1b)	0.335	8.425	0.000*	0.060	0.109
Goal achievement → Healthy identity (H1c)	0.236	6.122	0.000*	0.068	0.108
Failure avoidance → Attitude toward fitness (H2a)	−0.109	3.156	0.001*	0.083	0.14
Failure avoidance → Health preoccupation (H2b)	0.040	0.929	0.177	0.060	0.109
Failure avoidance → Healthy identity (H2c)	−0.117	2.724	0.003*	0.068	0.108
Social norms → Attitude toward fitness (H3a)	−0.083	2.172	0.015*	0.083	0.14
Social norms → Health preoccupation (H3b)	−0.008	0.170	0.433	0.060	0.109
Social norms → Healthy identity (H3c)	−0.162	3.782	0.000*	0.068	0.108
Attitude toward fitness → flow experience^	0.201	4.163	0.000*	0.051	0.105
Health preoccupation → flow experience^	0.106	2.146	0.016*	0.051	0.105
Healthy identity → flow experience^	0.111	2.153	0.016*	0.051	0.105
Flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.309	7.513	0.000*	0.237	0.317
Flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.382	8.989	0.000*	0.244	0.341

Mediating effects	Path coeff.	Bias	Lower 5%	Upper 95%
Goal achievement → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.020	0.001	0.012	0.034
Goal achievement → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → satisfaction^	0.025	0.001	0.014	0.042
Goal achievement → health preoccupation → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.011	0.001	0.002	0.022
Goal achievement → health preoccupation → flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.014	0.001	0.002	0.026
Goal achievement → healthy identity → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.008	0.000	0.002	0.016
Goal achievement → healthy identity → flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.010	0.000	0.002	0.020
Failure avoidance → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	−0.007	0.000	−0.012	−0.003
Failure avoidance → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → app satisfaction^	−0.008	0.000	−0.015	−0.004
Failure avoidance → health preoccupation → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.006
Failure avoidance → health preoccupation → flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.007
Failure avoidance → healthy identity → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	−0.004	0.000	−0.010	−0.001
Failure avoidance → healthy identity → flow experience → app satisfaction^	−0.005	0.000	−0.012	−0.001
Social norms → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → app satisfaction^	−0.006	0.000	−0.014	−0.002
Social norms → health preoccupation → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.000	0.000	−0.004	0.002
Social norms → health preoccupation → flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.000	0.000	−0.004	0.003
Social norms → healthy identity → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	−0.006	0.000	−0.013	−0.002
Social norms → healthy identity → flow experience → app satisfaction^	−0.007	0.000	−0.015	−0.002
Attitude toward fitness → Flow experience → Continued app usage intention (H4a)	0.062	0.001	0.038	0.095
Attitude toward fitness → Flow experience → App satisfaction (H5a)	0.077	0.001	0.048	0.117
Health preoccupation → Flow experience → Continued app usage intention (H4b)	0.033	0.001	0.008	0.063
Health preoccupation → Flow experience → App satisfaction (H5b)	0.041	0.001	0.008	0.075
Healthy identity → Flow experience → Continued app usage intention (H4c)	0.034	0.001	0.008	0.063
Healthy identity → Flow experience → App satisfaction (H5c)	0.043	0.001	0.010	0.077

Mediating effects	Path coeff.	Bias	Lower 5%	Upper 95%
Goal achievement → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.020	0.001	0.012	0.034
Goal achievement → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → satisfaction^	0.025	0.001	0.014	0.042
Goal achievement → health preoccupation → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.011	0.001	0.002	0.022
Goal achievement → health preoccupation → flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.014	0.001	0.002	0.026
Goal achievement → healthy identity → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.008	0.000	0.002	0.016
Goal achievement → healthy identity → flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.010	0.000	0.002	0.020
Failure avoidance → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	−0.007	0.000	−0.012	−0.003
Failure avoidance → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → app satisfaction^	−0.008	0.000	−0.015	−0.004
Failure avoidance → health preoccupation → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.006
Failure avoidance → health preoccupation → flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.007
Failure avoidance → healthy identity → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	−0.004	0.000	−0.010	−0.001
Failure avoidance → healthy identity → flow experience → app satisfaction^	−0.005	0.000	−0.012	−0.001
Social norms → attitude toward fitness → flow experience → app satisfaction^	−0.006	0.000	−0.014	−0.002
Social norms → health preoccupation → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	0.000	0.000	−0.004	0.002
Social norms → health preoccupation → flow experience → app satisfaction^	0.000	0.000	−0.004	0.003
Social norms → healthy identity → flow experience → continued app usage intention^	−0.006	0.000	−0.013	−0.002
Social norms → healthy identity → flow experience → app satisfaction^	−0.007	0.000	−0.015	−0.002
Attitude toward fitness → Flow experience → Continued app usage intention (H4a)	0.062	0.001	0.038	0.095
Attitude toward fitness → Flow experience → App satisfaction (H5a)	0.077	0.001	0.048	0.117
Health preoccupation → Flow experience → Continued app usage intention (H4b)	0.033	0.001	0.008	0.063
Health preoccupation → Flow experience → App satisfaction (H5b)	0.041	0.001	0.008	0.075
Healthy identity → Flow experience → Continued app usage intention (H4c)	0.034	0.001	0.008	0.063
Healthy identity → Flow experience → App satisfaction (H5c)	0.043	0.001	0.010	0.077

Moderating effects	β	T-value	p-value
Flow experience X Perceptions of behavioural change via app → Continued app usage intention (H6a)	−0.126	3.122	0.002
Flow experience X Perceptions of behavioural change via app → App satisfaction (H6b)	−0.094	2.235	0.026

Moderating effects	β	T-value	p-value
Flow experience X Perceptions of behavioural change via app → Continued app usage intention (H6a)	−0.126	3.122	0.002
Flow experience X Perceptions of behavioural change via app → App satisfaction (H6b)	−0.094	2.235	0.026

Note(s):

*Significant at 0.05 level; ^Not hypothesised

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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