Chi-square difference tests on all construct pairs (Study 1)
| Unconstrained model | Constrained model | Difference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pairing | Chi-square | df | Chi-square | df | Chi-square | df | p |
| DIS–BET | 7.984 | 4 | 94.771 | 5 | 86.787 | 1 | <0.001 |
| DIS–SHA | 13.329 | 4 | 40.864 | 5 | 27.535 | 1 | <0.001 |
| DIS–RET | 22.627 | 8 | 29.978 | 9 | 7.351 | 1 | <0.01 |
| DIS–NWOM | 20.179 | 4 | 25.249 | 5 | 5.070 | 1 | <0.05 |
| BET–SHA | 0.573 | 1 | 32.211 | 2 | 31.638 | 1 | <0.001 |
| BET–RET | 10.993 | 4 | 15.659 | 5 | 4.666 | 1 | <0.05 |
| BET–NWOM | 0.569 | 1 | 9.196 | 2 | 8.627 | 1 | <0.01 |
| SHA–RET | 15.153 | 4 | 20.635 | 5 | 5.482 | 1 | <0.05 |
| SHA–NWOM | 2.146 | 1 | 6.244 | 2 | 4.098 | 1 | <0.05 |
| RET–NWOM | 5.036 | 4 | 9.402 | 5 | 4.366 | 1 | <0.05 |
| Unconstrained model | Constrained model | Difference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pairing | Chi-square | df | Chi-square | df | Chi-square | df | |
| DIS–BET | 7.984 | 4 | 94.771 | 5 | 86.787 | 1 | <0.001 |
| DIS–SHA | 13.329 | 4 | 40.864 | 5 | 27.535 | 1 | <0.001 |
| DIS–RET | 22.627 | 8 | 29.978 | 9 | 7.351 | 1 | <0.01 |
| DIS–NWOM | 20.179 | 4 | 25.249 | 5 | 5.070 | 1 | <0.05 |
| BET–SHA | 0.573 | 1 | 32.211 | 2 | 31.638 | 1 | <0.001 |
| BET–RET | 10.993 | 4 | 15.659 | 5 | 4.666 | 1 | <0.05 |
| BET–NWOM | 0.569 | 1 | 9.196 | 2 | 8.627 | 1 | <0.01 |
| SHA–RET | 15.153 | 4 | 20.635 | 5 | 5.482 | 1 | <0.05 |
| SHA–NWOM | 2.146 | 1 | 6.244 | 2 | 4.098 | 1 | <0.05 |
| RET–NWOM | 5.036 | 4 | 9.402 | 5 | 4.366 | 1 | <0.05 |
DIS = dissatisfaction; BET = brand betrayal; SHA = brand shame; RET = desire for retaliation; NWOM = negative word-of-mouth; unconstrained model: the correlation parameter between the two respective constructs is estimated freely; constrained model: the correlation parameter between the two respective constructs is set to 1.0. Difference: results of the chi-square difference tests on the values obtained for the constrained and unconstrained models
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