Table 1 Summary of literature about...

Table 1

Summary of literature about studies focusing on PA powder ageing and the main trends

Reference	Material	Atmosphere	Ageing	Refreshing	Build cycles	Bulk density	MFR ∝ viscosity^-1	Agglomeration	Particle size (distribution)	Crystallinity	Melting peak temperature	Young′s modulus	Tensile strength	Strain at break	Orange peel	Porosity	Part size
(Josupeit and Schmid, 2017)	12	A	O	N	–	–	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
*(Mielicki et al., 2014b)*	12	A	O	N	–	–	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
*(Sanders et al., 2022)*	12	A	O	N	–	–	–	–	–	↓	↓	↑	↓	↓	–	–	–
*(Martínez et al., 2012)*	12	A	O	N	–	–	↓	–	–	–	↑	–	–	–	–	–	–
*(Dooher et al., 2021)*	12	A	O	N	–	–	–	–	–	↓	↓	↑	↑	↓	–	–	–
*(Goodridge et al., 2010)*	12	A	O	N	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	↑	↑	↑	–	–	–
*(Chen et al., 2018a)*	12	N	M	Y	4	–	↓	–	–	↓	↔	–	–	–	↑	–	↓
*(Morano et al., 2023)*	12	N	M	Y	?	–	–	–	–	↑	↑	–	–	–	–	–	–
*(Sillani et al., 2019)*	12	N	M	Y	1	–	↓	–	↑	↔	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–
*(Yang et al., 2020)*	12	N	M	Y	?	–	–	↑	↑	↑	↓	↓	↓	↑	–	–	↑↓
*(Dadbakhsh et al., 2017)*	12	N	M	Y	2–10	–	↓	↔	↔	↓	↑	↓	↓	↓	–	–	–
*(Sanders et al., 2024)*	12	N	M	Y	7	–	–	↑	–	↔↑	↑	↓	↓	↔	–	↑	–
(Dotchev and Yusoff, 2009)	12	N	M	Y	10	–	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	↑	–	–
*(DePalma et al., 2020)*	12	N	M	Y	10	–	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
*(Pilipović et al., 2022)*	12	N	A	Y/N	3	–	–	–	–	↑	↑	–	–	–	–	–	–
*(Chen et al., 2018b)*	6/12	N	M	?	> 5	–	–	↑/↑	↑/↔	↓/↓	↔/↔	–	–	–	–	–	–
*(Yao et al., 2020)*	12	N	M	N	9	–	–	–	↔	–	–	↑↓	↑↓	↑↓	–	↑	–
*(Gazzerro et al., 2023)*	12	N	M	N	> 5	–	–	–	–	↓	–	↑	↓	↓	–	–	–
*(Gomes et al., 2022)*	12	N	M	N	6	–	–	↔	↔	↓	↓	↔	↔	–	↑	↑	–
*(Alo et al., 2023)*	12	N	M	N	8	–	–	–	↔	–	–	–	–	–	↑	–	↑
(Wudy and Drummer, 2019)	12	N	M	N	5	–	↓	–	–	↓	↑	–	–	–	–	↑	–
*(Wegner et al., 2014)*	12	N	M/O	N	5	↔	↓	–	–	–	–	↓	↓	↑↓	↑	–	–
(Wudy and Drummer, 2016)	12	N	M	N	5	↓	↓	–	↔	–	–	↓	↓	↑↓	↑	↑	–
*(Pandelidi et al., 2021)*	11	N	M	Y/N	1	–	–	–	↑	–	↑	–	↓	↔	–	↑	–
*(Stiller et al., 2022)*	6	N	M	N	7	↓	↓	↑	–	↑	↓↑	↓	↓	↓	↑	↑	↓
This study	12	N	M	N	9	↓	↓	↑	↔	↔↓	↑	↔↓	↑↓	↑	↑	↑	↓
				Σ	↑	0	0	6	5	5	9	5	4	6	8	8	2
				Σ	↔	1	0	2	7	3	3	2	1	2	0	0	0
				Σ	↓	3	13	0	1	10	6	8	11	8	0	0	4
Out of these 26 studies, Σ investigated						4	13	7	11	15	16	13	14	13	8	8	5

Reference	Material	Atmosphere	Ageing	Refreshing	Buildcycles	Bulkdensity	MFR ∝viscosity^-1	Agglomeration	Particle size(distribution)	Crystallinity	Melting peaktemperature	Young′smodulus	Tensilestrength	Strain atbreak	Orangepeel	Porosity	Partsize
(Josupeit and Schmid, 2017)	12	A	O	N	–	–	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
(Mielicki et al., 2014b)	12	A	O	N	–	–	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
(Sanders et al., 2022)	12	A	O	N	–	–	–	–	–	↓	↓	↑	↓	↓	–	–	–
(Martínez et al., 2012)	12	A	O	N	–	–	↓	–	–	–	↑	–	–	–	–	–	–
(Dooher et al., 2021)	12	A	O	N	–	–	–	–	–	↓	↓	↑	↑	↓	–	–	–
(Goodridge et al., 2010)	12	A	O	N	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	↑	↑	↑	–	–	–
(Chen et al., 2018a)	12	N	M	Y	4	–	↓	–	–	↓	↔	–	–	–	↑	–	↓
(Morano et al., 2023)	12	N	M	Y	?	–	–	–	–	↑	↑	–	–	–	–	–	–
(Sillani et al., 2019)	12	N	M	Y	1	–	↓	–	↑	↔	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–
(Yang et al., 2020)	12	N	M	Y	?	–	–	↑	↑	↑	↓	↓	↓	↑	–	–	↑↓
(Dadbakhsh et al., 2017)	12	N	M	Y	2–10	–	↓	↔	↔	↓	↑	↓	↓	↓	–	–	–
(Sanders et al., 2024)	12	N	M	Y	7	–	–	↑	–	↔↑	↑	↓	↓	↔	–	↑	–
(Dotchev and Yusoff, 2009)	12	N	M	Y	10	–	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	↑	–	–
(DePalma et al., 2020)	12	N	M	Y	10	–	↓	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
(Pilipović et al., 2022)	12	N	A	Y/N	3	–	–	–	–	↑	↑	–	–	–	–	–	–
(Chen et al., 2018b)	6/12	N	M	?	> 5	–	–	↑/↑	↑/↔	↓/↓	↔/↔	–	–	–	–	–	–
(Yao et al., 2020)	12	N	M	N	9	–	–	–	↔	–	–	↑↓	↑↓	↑↓	–	↑	–
(Gazzerro et al., 2023)	12	N	M	N	> 5	–	–	–	–	↓	–	↑	↓	↓	–	–	–
(Gomes et al., 2022)	12	N	M	N	6	–	–	↔	↔	↓	↓	↔	↔	–	↑	↑	–
(Alo et al., 2023)	12	N	M	N	8	–	–	–	↔	–	–	–	–	–	↑	–	↑
(Wudy and Drummer, 2019)	12	N	M	N	5	–	↓	–	–	↓	↑	–	–	–	–	↑	–
(Wegner et al., 2014)	12	N	M/O	N	5	↔	↓	–	–	–	–	↓	↓	↑↓	↑	–	–
(Wudy and Drummer, 2016)	12	N	M	N	5	↓	↓	–	↔	–	–	↓	↓	↑↓	↑	↑	–
(Pandelidi et al., 2021)	11	N	M	Y/N	1	–	–	–	↑	–	↑	–	↓	↔	–	↑	–
(Stiller et al., 2022)	6	N	M	N	7	↓	↓	↑	–	↑	↓↑	↓	↓	↓	↑	↑	↓
This study	12	N	M	N	9	↓	↓	↑	↔	↔↓	↑	↔↓	↑↓	↑	↑	↑	↓
				Σ	↑	0	0	6	5	5	9	5	4	6	8	8	2
				Σ	↔	1	0	2	7	3	3	2	1	2	0	0	0
				Σ	↓	3	13	0	1	10	6	8	11	8	0	0	4
Out of these 26 studies, Σ investigated						4	13	7	11	15	16	13	14	13	8	8	5

Notes:

Material: 6 = PA6, 11 = PA11, 12 = PA12; Atmosphere: N = nitrogen, A = air; Ageing: M = machine (during build cycle), O = oven, A = alternatives; Refreshing: Y = yes, N = no; Results: ↑ rising, ↔ not noteworthy, ↓ decreasing, - not investigated

Source: Authors’ own work

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