Table 4 Summary of the elaboration of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Summary of the elaboration of data reported by Xiong et al. (2013)

Experimental setup	Gas type	Ar 95%, CO2 5%
	Gas flow rate [l/min]	18
	Wire diameter (d_w) [mm]	1.2
	Material	Copper coated steel
	Means of measure	Laser vision sensor
Cases reported in Figure 19		a	b
Cases reported in Figure 20				a	b	c	d
Deposition parameters	Multi-bead	–	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Multi-layer	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Wire feed rate (WFR) [m/min]	4.4	4.4	4	4	4	4
	Travel speed (TS) [mm/s]	2.5	7.5	3	3	6.5	6.5
	WFR/TS	29.3	9.8	22.2	22.2	10.3	10.3
Obtained bead sizes	Width (w) [mm]	11.76	7.54	9.20	9.20	7.19	7.19
	Height (h) [mm]	3.80	2.34	3.71	3.60	2.53	2.53
	h/w	0.32	0.31	0.40	0.39	0.35	0.35
	Deposited area (A_d) [mm²]	33.18	11.06	25.13	25.13	11.60	11.60
	Measured area (A_m) [mm²]	32.14	10.51	26.40	28.47	12.10	10.53
	A_m – A_d [mm²]	−1.04	−0.55	1.27	3.34	0.50	−1.07
	(A_m – a_d)/a_d	−3.1%	−5%	5.1%	13.3%	4.3%	−9.2%
Parabola model	A_p [mm²]	29.76	11.77	22.75	22.08	12.15	12.15
	e_d	−10.3%	6.4%	−9.5%	−12.2%	4.7%	4.7%
	e_m	−7.4%	12%	−13.8%	−22.4%	0.4%	15.4%
Cosine model	A_p [mm²]	28.42	11.24	21.73	21.08	11.60	11.60
	e_d	−14.3%	1.6%	−13.5%	−16.1%	0%	0%
	e_m	−11.6%	6.9%	−17.7%	−26%	−4.1%	10.2%
Ellipse model	A_p [mm²]	35.04	13.85	26.79	26.00	14.30	14.30
	e_d	5.6%	25.3%	6.6%	3.5%	23.3%	23.3%
	e_m	9%	31.8%	1.5%	−8.7%	18.2%	35.8%
Proposed Hermite model	A_h [mm²]	32.14	10.50	26.41	28.46	11.87	10.54
	Contact angle θ₁ [°]	67	40	74	74	46	46
	Contact angle θ₂ [°]	67	40	74	74	46	46
	e_d	−3.1%	−5.1%	5.1%	13.2%	2.3%	−9.1%
	e_m	0%	−0.1%	0%	0%	−1.9%	0.1%

Experimental setup	Gas type	Ar 95%, CO2 5%
	Gas flow rate [l/min]	18
	Wire diameter (d_w) [mm]	1.2
	Material	Copper coated steel
	Means of measure	Laser vision sensor
Cases reported in Figure 19		a	b
Cases reported in Figure 20				a	b	c	d
Deposition parameters	Multi-bead	–	–	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Multi-layer	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Wire feed rate (WFR) [m/min]	4.4	4.4	4	4	4	4
	Travel speed (TS) [mm/s]	2.5	7.5	3	3	6.5	6.5
	WFR/TS	29.3	9.8	22.2	22.2	10.3	10.3
Obtained bead sizes	Width (w) [mm]	11.76	7.54	9.20	9.20	7.19	7.19
	Height (h) [mm]	3.80	2.34	3.71	3.60	2.53	2.53
	h/w	0.32	0.31	0.40	0.39	0.35	0.35
	Deposited area (A_d) [mm²]	33.18	11.06	25.13	25.13	11.60	11.60
	Measured area (A_m) [mm²]	32.14	10.51	26.40	28.47	12.10	10.53
	A_m – A_d [mm²]	−1.04	−0.55	1.27	3.34	0.50	−1.07
	(A_m – a_d)/a_d	−3.1%	−5%	5.1%	13.3%	4.3%	−9.2%
Parabola model	A_p [mm²]	29.76	11.77	22.75	22.08	12.15	12.15
	e_d	−10.3%	6.4%	−9.5%	−12.2%	4.7%	4.7%
	e_m	−7.4%	12%	−13.8%	−22.4%	0.4%	15.4%
Cosine model	A_p [mm²]	28.42	11.24	21.73	21.08	11.60	11.60
	e_d	−14.3%	1.6%	−13.5%	−16.1%	0%	0%
	e_m	−11.6%	6.9%	−17.7%	−26%	−4.1%	10.2%
Ellipse model	A_p [mm²]	35.04	13.85	26.79	26.00	14.30	14.30
	e_d	5.6%	25.3%	6.6%	3.5%	23.3%	23.3%
	e_m	9%	31.8%	1.5%	−8.7%	18.2%	35.8%
Proposed Hermite model	A_h [mm²]	32.14	10.50	26.41	28.46	11.87	10.54
	Contact angle θ₁ [°]	67	40	74	74	46	46
	Contact angle θ₂ [°]	67	40	74	74	46	46
	e_d	−3.1%	−5.1%	5.1%	13.2%	2.3%	−9.1%
	e_m	0%	−0.1%	0%	0%	−1.9%	0.1%

Source(s): Table by authors