Table 6 Summary of the experiments from...

Table 6

Summary of the experiments from Ding et al. (2015): single bead cases

Experimental setup	Gas type	Ar 82%, CO2 18%
	Gas flow rate [l/min]	22
	Wire diameter (d_w) [mm]	1.2
	Material	Copper coated steel
	Means of measure	3D laser profiler (0.002 resolution)
Cases reported in Figure 23		a1	b1	a2	b2	a3	b3	a4	b4
Deposition parameters	Multi-bead	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Multi-layer	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Wire feed rate (WFR) [m/min]	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
	Travel speed (TS) [mm/s]	3.33	4.17	5.00	5.83	6.67	7.50	8.33	9.17
	WFR/TS	25	20	16.7	14.3	12.5	11.1	10	9.1
Obtained bead sizes	Width (w_av) [mm]	12.45	11.33	10.36	9.67	9.06	8.73	8.06	7.67
	Height (h_av) [mm]	3.28	3.00	2.74	2.56	2.50	2.21	2.17	2.09
	h/w	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.28	0.25	0.27	0.27
	Deposited area (A_d) [mm²]	28.27	22.62	18.89	16.17	14.14	12.55	11.31	10.29
	Measured area (A_m) [mm²]	27.49	22.14	18.25	15.75	14.17	12.12	10.76	9.81
	A_m – A_d [mm²]	−0.78	−0.48	5.01	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.01
	(A_m – a_d)/a_d	−2.8%	−2.1%	26.5%	30.9%	35.4%	39.8%	44.2%	48.7%
Parabola model	A_p [mm²]	27.22	22.66	18.92	16.50	15.10	12.86	11.66	10.69
	e_d	−3.7%	0.2%	0.2%	2%	6.8%	2.5%	3.1%	3.8%
	e_m	−1%	2.4%	3.7%	4.8%	6.6%	6.1%	8.4%	8.9%
Cosine model	A_p [mm²]	26.00	21.64	18.07	15.76	14.42	12.28	11.13	10.21
	e_d	−8.1%	−4.3%	−4.3%	−2.6%	2%	−2.2%	−1.6%	−0.8%
	e_m	−5.4%	−2.3%	−1%	0.1%	1.8%	1.3%	3.5%	4%
Ellipse model	A_p [mm²]	32.06	26.68	22.28	19.43	17.78	15.15	13.73	12.58
	e_d	13.4%	18%	18%	20.2%	25.8%	20.6%	21.4%	22.3%
	e_m	16.6%	20.5%	22.1%	23.4%	25.5%	25%	27.7%	28.3%
Proposed Hermite model	A_h [mm²]	27.50	22.13	18.25	15.75	14.16	12.12	10.77	9.81
	Contact angle θ₁ [°]	51	46	44	42	41	40	42	40
	Contact angle θ₂ [°]	51	46	44	42	41	40	42	40
	e_d	−2.7%	−2.2%	−3.4%	−2.6%	0.2%	−3.5%	−4.8%	−4.7%
	e_m	0%	−0.1%	0%	0%	−0.1%	0%	0.1%	0%

Experimental setup	Gas type	Ar 82%, CO2 18%
	Gas flow rate [l/min]	22
	Wire diameter (d_w) [mm]	1.2
	Material	Copper coated steel
	Means of measure	3D laser profiler (0.002 resolution)
Cases reported in Figure 23		a1	b1	a2	b2	a3	b3	a4	b4
Deposition parameters	Multi-bead	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Multi-layer	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Wire feed rate (WFR) [m/min]	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
	Travel speed (TS) [mm/s]	3.33	4.17	5.00	5.83	6.67	7.50	8.33	9.17
	WFR/TS	25	20	16.7	14.3	12.5	11.1	10	9.1
Obtained bead sizes	Width (w_av) [mm]	12.45	11.33	10.36	9.67	9.06	8.73	8.06	7.67
	Height (h_av) [mm]	3.28	3.00	2.74	2.56	2.50	2.21	2.17	2.09
	h/w	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.28	0.25	0.27	0.27
	Deposited area (A_d) [mm²]	28.27	22.62	18.89	16.17	14.14	12.55	11.31	10.29
	Measured area (A_m) [mm²]	27.49	22.14	18.25	15.75	14.17	12.12	10.76	9.81
	A_m – A_d [mm²]	−0.78	−0.48	5.01	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.01
	(A_m – a_d)/a_d	−2.8%	−2.1%	26.5%	30.9%	35.4%	39.8%	44.2%	48.7%
Parabola model	A_p [mm²]	27.22	22.66	18.92	16.50	15.10	12.86	11.66	10.69
	e_d	−3.7%	0.2%	0.2%	2%	6.8%	2.5%	3.1%	3.8%
	e_m	−1%	2.4%	3.7%	4.8%	6.6%	6.1%	8.4%	8.9%
Cosine model	A_p [mm²]	26.00	21.64	18.07	15.76	14.42	12.28	11.13	10.21
	e_d	−8.1%	−4.3%	−4.3%	−2.6%	2%	−2.2%	−1.6%	−0.8%
	e_m	−5.4%	−2.3%	−1%	0.1%	1.8%	1.3%	3.5%	4%
Ellipse model	A_p [mm²]	32.06	26.68	22.28	19.43	17.78	15.15	13.73	12.58
	e_d	13.4%	18%	18%	20.2%	25.8%	20.6%	21.4%	22.3%
	e_m	16.6%	20.5%	22.1%	23.4%	25.5%	25%	27.7%	28.3%
Proposed Hermite model	A_h [mm²]	27.50	22.13	18.25	15.75	14.16	12.12	10.77	9.81
	Contact angle θ₁ [°]	51	46	44	42	41	40	42	40
	Contact angle θ₂ [°]	51	46	44	42	41	40	42	40
	e_d	−2.7%	−2.2%	−3.4%	−2.6%	0.2%	−3.5%	−4.8%	−4.7%
	e_m	0%	−0.1%	0%	0%	−0.1%	0%	0.1%	0%

Source(s): Table by authors

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