Table 5.

OLS regressions with controls for industry, firm, year and country fixed effects

ESGDGOVDSOCDENVDESGDGOVDSOCDENVD
Intercept−0.26 (0.16)0.02 (0.18)−0.25(0.18)−0.48 (0.24)**−0.22 (0.16)0.10 (0.18)−0.23 (0.18)−0.48 (0.24)**
Ind var
BGD0.06 (0.01)***0.06 (0.01)***0.04 (0.01)***0.07 (0.01)***0.05 (0.01)***0.04 (0.01)***0.04 (0.01)***0.07 (0.01)***
BS0.01 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***
CEOD0.01 (0.01)*0.01 (0.01)0.01 (0.01)*0.01 (0.01)0.01 (0.01)*0.01 (0.01)0.01 (0.01)0.01 (0.01)
Interaction var
BCD0.03 (0.01)***0.01 (0.01)0.04 (0.01)***0.03 (0.01)**−0.02 (0.02)−0.05 (0.03)***−0.04 (0.03)0.02 (0.04)
BI0.12 (0.01***0.18 (0.01)***0.09 (0.01)***0.09 (0.01)***0.18 (0.03)***0.32 (0.03)***0.09 (0.03)***0.14 (0.04)***
GEQ0.00 (0.00)0.00 (0.00)0.00 (0.00)0.00 (0.00)0.00 (0.00)−0.00 (0.00)0.00 (000)0.00 (0.00)
ROL−0.07 (0.04)*−0.19 (0.04)***−0.05 (0.04)0.02 (0.06)−0.09 (0.04)**−0.19 (0.05)***−0.00 (0.05)−0.09 (0.07)
Other contr var
ROA0.14 (0.04)***0.07 (0.04)*0.11 (0.04)**0.24 (0.05)***0.14 (0.04)***0.06 (0.04)0.11 (0.04)***0.24 (0.05)***
GEA0.01 (0.00)***0.00 (0.00)−0.00 (0.00)0.02 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.00 (0.00)−0.00 (0.00)0.02 (0.00)***
SIZE0.01 (0.00)***0.00 (0.00)**0.01 (0.00)***0.02 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.00 (0.00)***0.01 (0.00)***0.02 (0.00)***
AGE0.00 (0.00)***0.00 (0.00)0.00 (0.00)***0.00 (0.00)***0.00 (0.00)***0.00 (0.00)0.00 (0.01)***0.00 (0.00)***
YEARYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
INDUSTRYYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
COUNTRYYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Interactions
BGD*GEQ    −0.00 (0.00)0.00 (0.00)*0.00 (0.00)−0.01 (0.00)**
BGD*ROL    0.07 (0.06)−0.14 (0.08)*0.02 (0.07)0.33 (0.10)***
BGD*BCD    0.14 (0.07)**0.18 (0.07)**0.20 (0.08)***0.03 (0.10)
BGD*BI    −0.19 (0.08)**−0.44 (0.09)***0.02 (0.09)−0.14 (0.12)
R2 Adj0.440.550.300.350.450.560.310.36
F test39.8159.9322.0527.0036.7356.3420.3525.00
N1,9351,9351,9351,9351,9351,9351,9351,935
Notes:

This table presents the baseline OLS results based on our main models [equations (1) and (2). The sample contains 1,935 firm-year observations during the period 2014–2022. Our main dependent variables are the net ESG, SOC, GOV and ENV disclosure scores. Our main variable of interest is board gender diversity (BGD), we also take into account as independent variables board size (BS) and CEO duality (CEOD). The interaction variables are board cultural diversity (BCD), board independence (BI), gender equality (GEQ) and rule of law (ROL). We control for various firm attributes related to financial performance (ROA), leverage (GEA), firm’s dimension (SIZE) and firm’s age (AGE). Robust t-statistics using standard errors clustered at firm-level are reported in parentheses to control for firm-specific fixed effects. We also included dummy variables in the models to control for unobserved heterogeneity across industries, countries and time periods. Significance at the 10, 5 and 1% level is indicated by *, ** and *** respectively

Source: Authors’ own work

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