This table presents the 2SLS results based on our main models [equations (1) and (2)]. The sample contains 1,810 firm-year observations during the period 2014–2022. We removed firm-year observations with missing dependent, independent and control variables. Variable definitions are provided in Table 1. Our main dependent variables are the net ESG, SOC, GOV and ENV disclosure scores. Our main variable of interest is board gender diversity (BGD), we also take into account as independent variables of board size (BS) and CEO duality (CEOD). The interaction variables are board cultural diversity (BCD), board independence (BI), gender equality (GEQ) and rule of law (ROL). We control for various firm attributes related to financial performance (ROA), leverage (GEA), firm’s dimension (SIZE) and firm’s age (AGE). Robust t-statistics using standard errors clustered at firm-level are reported in parentheses to control for firm-specific fixed effects. We also included dummy variables in the models to control for unobserved heterogeneity across industries, countries and time periods. Significance at the 10, 5 and 1% level is indicated by *, ** and *** respectively