Table 4.

Robustness check: instrumental variable regression

VariablesFirst stageSecond stage
(1)(2)(3)
GplantEneOsa
Gplant0.0192* (0.0116)0.6814*** (0.2361)
VGC0.0007*** (0.0000)
ControlsYESYESYES
Firm FEYESYESYES
Year FEYESYESYES
Observations18,05918,05918,059
R20.86790.0040.0087
F-value for the first stage2265.88
Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistic457.222***457.222***
Note(s):

Standard errors at the firm-level cluster in parentheses. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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