Table 2. Constructs validity and...

Table 2.

Constructs validity and reliability

Constructs	Items	F.L	CA	CR	AVE
Smart building technologies (SBT)	SBT1. Our campus incorporates advanced building technologies to optimize energy efficiency	0.904	0.946	0.947	0.823
	SBT2. Smart building systems are effectively integrated into campus facilities	0.922
	SBT3. Automated systems in campus buildings ensure optimal lighting and temperature control	0.924
	SBT4. The campus uses sensor-based technologies to monitor building performance	0.944
	SBT5. Smart buildings on campus contribute significantly to environmental sustainability	0.838
Internet of Things systems (IoTS)	IoTS1. IoT systems are widely used on campus to enhance resource management	0.855	0.925	0.925	0.769
	IoTS2. The integration of IoT systems supports campus sustainability goals	0.896
	IoTS3. IoT devices on campus improve the efficiency of facilities and services	0.880
	IoTS4. The campus leverages IoT systems for real-time monitoring of resources	0.862
	IoTS5. IoT systems enable effective data sharing and analysis for sustainability initiatives	0.891
Data analytics for resource management (DARM)	DARM1. Data analytics are used to optimize the allocation of campus resources	0.830	0.936	0.940	0.798
	DARM2. Advanced analytics systems contribute to effective decision-making for sustainability	0.940
	DARM3. The campus uses data-driven insights to enhance resource management	0.925
	DARM4. Big data tools are implemented to monitor and evaluate sustainability performance	0.921
	DARM5. Analytics help the campus predict and address resource challenges effectively	0.846
Automation in facilities (AF)	AF1. Automated systems are implemented for efficient campus operations	0.855	0.928	0.930	0.778
	AF2. Campus facilities rely on automation for effective waste and resource management	0.904
	AF3. Automation improves the operational efficiency of campus infrastructure	0.898
	AF4. Automated maintenance systems reduce resource wastage	0.920
	AF5. Facility automation enhances sustainability practices on campus	0.829
Technology adoption (TA)	TA1. The campus readily adopts new technologies to improve sustainability	0.917	0.954	0.955	0.844
	TA2. Technology adoption is prioritized to enhance campus operations	0.937
	TA3. Stakeholders support the implementation of advanced technologies on campus	0.952
	TA4. The adoption of innovative technologies aligns with campus sustainability objectives	0.909
	TA5. There is a positive attitude toward integrating new technologies across campus facilities	0.877
Digital infrastructure (DI)	DI1. The campus has a robust digital infrastructure to support sustainability initiatives	0.748	0.902	0.904	0.720
	DI2. Digital tools and platforms are effectively utilized for resource management	0.889
	DI3. The campus invests in digital infrastructure to enhance operational efficiency	0.880
	DI4. Digital infrastructure plays a key role in achieving campus sustainability goals	0.894
	DI5. Advanced digital systems ensure the seamless integration of technology on campus	0.823
Green sustainable campus (GSC)	GSC1. The campus demonstrates a strong commitment to environmental sustainability	0.907	0.951	0.951	0.835
	GSC2. Green practices are evident in various campus operations and activities	0.933
	GSC3. Campus infrastructure supports sustainable development goals	0.935
	GSC4. Efforts are made to minimize the environmental impact of campus operations	0.929
	GSC5. Sustainability initiatives on campus are aligned with global environmental standards	0.864

Constructs	Items	F.L	CA	CR	AVE
Smart building technologies (SBT)	SBT1. Our campus incorporates advanced building technologies to optimize energy efficiency	0.904	0.946	0.947	0.823
	SBT2. Smart building systems are effectively integrated into campus facilities	0.922
	SBT3. Automated systems in campus buildings ensure optimal lighting and temperature control	0.924
	SBT4. The campus uses sensor-based technologies to monitor building performance	0.944
	SBT5. Smart buildings on campus contribute significantly to environmental sustainability	0.838
Internet of Things systems (IoTS)	IoTS1. IoT systems are widely used on campus to enhance resource management	0.855	0.925	0.925	0.769
	IoTS2. The integration of IoT systems supports campus sustainability goals	0.896
	IoTS3. IoT devices on campus improve the efficiency of facilities and services	0.880
	IoTS4. The campus leverages IoT systems for real-time monitoring of resources	0.862
	IoTS5. IoT systems enable effective data sharing and analysis for sustainability initiatives	0.891
Data analytics for resource management (DARM)	DARM1. Data analytics are used to optimize the allocation of campus resources	0.830	0.936	0.940	0.798
	DARM2. Advanced analytics systems contribute to effective decision-making for sustainability	0.940
	DARM3. The campus uses data-driven insights to enhance resource management	0.925
	DARM4. Big data tools are implemented to monitor and evaluate sustainability performance	0.921
	DARM5. Analytics help the campus predict and address resource challenges effectively	0.846
Automation in facilities (AF)	AF1. Automated systems are implemented for efficient campus operations	0.855	0.928	0.930	0.778
	AF2. Campus facilities rely on automation for effective waste and resource management	0.904
	AF3. Automation improves the operational efficiency of campus infrastructure	0.898
	AF4. Automated maintenance systems reduce resource wastage	0.920
	AF5. Facility automation enhances sustainability practices on campus	0.829
Technology adoption (TA)	TA1. The campus readily adopts new technologies to improve sustainability	0.917	0.954	0.955	0.844
	TA2. Technology adoption is prioritized to enhance campus operations	0.937
	TA3. Stakeholders support the implementation of advanced technologies on campus	0.952
	TA4. The adoption of innovative technologies aligns with campus sustainability objectives	0.909
	TA5. There is a positive attitude toward integrating new technologies across campus facilities	0.877
Digital infrastructure (DI)	DI1. The campus has a robust digital infrastructure to support sustainability initiatives	0.748	0.902	0.904	0.720
	DI2. Digital tools and platforms are effectively utilized for resource management	0.889
	DI3. The campus invests in digital infrastructure to enhance operational efficiency	0.880
	DI4. Digital infrastructure plays a key role in achieving campus sustainability goals	0.894
	DI5. Advanced digital systems ensure the seamless integration of technology on campus	0.823
Green sustainable campus (GSC)	GSC1. The campus demonstrates a strong commitment to environmental sustainability	0.907	0.951	0.951	0.835
	GSC2. Green practices are evident in various campus operations and activities	0.933
	GSC3. Campus infrastructure supports sustainable development goals	0.935
	GSC4. Efforts are made to minimize the environmental impact of campus operations	0.929
	GSC5. Sustainability initiatives on campus are aligned with global environmental standards	0.864

Note(s):

CR = Composite reliability; AVE = Average variance extracted; CA = Cronbach’s alpha

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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