Table 1 Factors influencing labour...

Table 1

Factors influencing labour productivity in PMP

Category	Code	Factors affecting labour productivity	Impact ranking	References
Technical	T1	Delays in receiving engineering drawings	1	Navon (2005), Alinaitwe et al. (2007), Dai et al. (2009a), Nasirzadeh and Nojedehi (2013), Chigara and Moyo (2014), El-Gohary and Aziz (2014), Hickson and Ellis (2014), Jarkas (2015), Porntepkasemsant and Charoenpornpattana (2015), Lee and Ham (2018), Reichenbach and Kromoser (2021), Assaad et al. (2023)
	T2	Design complexity	2
	T3	Insufficient co-ordination between manufacturer and designer	3
	T4	Low level of standardization	4
	T5	Design errors or revisions	5
	T6	Ambiguous client specificiations	6
	T7	Manufacturing errors and reworks	7
	T8	Low level of automation	8
Workforce	W1	Worker Fatigue	1	Gomar et al. (2002), Jarkas and Bitar (2012), O’Neill and Panuwatwanich (2013), El-Gohary and Aziz (2014), Halwatura (2015), Durdyev et al. (2018), Nasirian et al. (2019), Parody et al. (2020), Assaad et al. (2023), Rathnayake and Middleton (2023)
	W2	Unsatisfactory worker skill level	2
	W3	Low level of experience	3
	W4	Insufficient training	4
	W5	Unsatisfactory salary	5
	W6	Low job security	6
	W7	Delay in payment	7
Supplychain and Logistics	S1	Work area congestion	1	Moselhi et al. (2005), Jarkas and Bitar (2012), Yi and Chan (2014), Zeb et al. (2015), Hiyassat et al. (2016), Arashpour et al. (2017), Ibbs et al. (2017), Durdyev et al. (2018), Hasan et al. (2018), Choi et al. (2020), Hamza et al. (2022)
	S2	Poor factory logistics	2
	S3	Machinery and worker idle times	3
	S4	Material shortage	4
	S5	Supplier delivery delays	5
	S6	Material procurement delays	6
Management and Planning	M1	Increase in crew size	1	Mahamid et al. (2013), El-Gohary and Aziz (2014), Robles et al. (2014), Halwatura (2015), Jarkas (2015), Hiyassat et al. (2016), Gurmu and Aibinu (2017), Kisi et al. (2017), Ghodrati et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2018), Assaad et al. (2023), Dabirian et al. (2023)
	M2	Insufficient labour supervision level	2
	M3	Overtime allocation	3
	M4	Inefficient planning and schedule pressure	4
	M5	Top management incompetency	5
	M6	Production delays	6
	M7	Fast tracking	7
External	E1	Adverse temperatures	1	Liberda et al. (2003), Arja et al. (2009), Chigara and Moyo (2014), El-Gohary and Aziz (2014), Hickson and Ellis (2014), Jarkas (2015), Gupta et al. (2018), Hasan et al. (2018)
	E2	Worker absenteeism	2
	E3	Factory safety issues	3
	E4	Worker injuries	4

Category	Code	Factors affecting labour productivity	Impact ranking	References
Technical	T1	Delays in receiving engineering drawings	1	Navon (2005), Alinaitwe et al. (2007), Dai et al. (2009a), Nasirzadeh and Nojedehi (2013), Chigara and Moyo (2014), El-Gohary and Aziz (2014), Hickson and Ellis (2014), Jarkas (2015), Porntepkasemsant and Charoenpornpattana (2015), Lee and Ham (2018), Reichenbach and Kromoser (2021), Assaad et al. (2023)
	T2	Design complexity	2
	T3	Insufficient co-ordination between manufacturer and designer	3
	T4	Low level of standardization	4
	T5	Design errors or revisions	5
	T6	Ambiguous client specificiations	6
	T7	Manufacturing errors and reworks	7
	T8	Low level of automation	8
Workforce	W1	Worker Fatigue	1	Gomar et al. (2002), Jarkas and Bitar (2012), O’Neill and Panuwatwanich (2013), El-Gohary and Aziz (2014), Halwatura (2015), Durdyev et al. (2018), Nasirian et al. (2019), Parody et al. (2020), Assaad et al. (2023), Rathnayake and Middleton (2023)
	W2	Unsatisfactory worker skill level	2
	W3	Low level of experience	3
	W4	Insufficient training	4
	W5	Unsatisfactory salary	5
	W6	Low job security	6
	W7	Delay in payment	7
Supplychain and Logistics	S1	Work area congestion	1	Moselhi et al. (2005), Jarkas and Bitar (2012), Yi and Chan (2014), Zeb et al. (2015), Hiyassat et al. (2016), Arashpour et al. (2017), Ibbs et al. (2017), Durdyev et al. (2018), Hasan et al. (2018), Choi et al. (2020), Hamza et al. (2022)
	S2	Poor factory logistics	2
	S3	Machinery and worker idle times	3
	S4	Material shortage	4
	S5	Supplier delivery delays	5
	S6	Material procurement delays	6
Management and Planning	M1	Increase in crew size	1	Mahamid et al. (2013), El-Gohary and Aziz (2014), Robles et al. (2014), Halwatura (2015), Jarkas (2015), Hiyassat et al. (2016), Gurmu and Aibinu (2017), Kisi et al. (2017), Ghodrati et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2018), Assaad et al. (2023), Dabirian et al. (2023)
	M2	Insufficient labour supervision level	2
	M3	Overtime allocation	3
	M4	Inefficient planning and schedule pressure	4
	M5	Top management incompetency	5
	M6	Production delays	6
	M7	Fast tracking	7
External	E1	Adverse temperatures	1	Liberda et al. (2003), Arja et al. (2009), Chigara and Moyo (2014), El-Gohary and Aziz (2014), Hickson and Ellis (2014), Jarkas (2015), Gupta et al. (2018), Hasan et al. (2018)
	E2	Worker absenteeism	2
	E3	Factory safety issues	3
	E4	Worker injuries	4

Source(s): Authors’ own creation

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