Table 2

Significant PPP risks considered in the literature

No.ReferenceSignificant risk factors
ContractResourcesObjectivesStructureCommitmentEnvironmentCommunicationTrust
1Cai et al. (2019)    ✓    
2Chen et al. (2016) ✓  ✓ ✓  
3Cheng et al. (2023)      ✓  
4De Marco and Mangano (2013)  ✓   ✓  
5Erfani et al. (2021) ✓✓ ✓ ✓  
6Ghorbany et al. (2022)  ✓✓✓✓✓  
7Ghorbany et al. (2023)  ✓✓✓✓✓  
8Han et al. (2019)  ✓ ✓✓✓ ✓
9Jin and Doloi (2008) ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ 
10Jin and Zhang (2011)    ✓ ✓✓ 
11Jin (2010)    ✓ ✓✓ 
12Jin (2011)    ✓✓   
13Kamugisha et al. (2019)  ✓     ✓
14Koc (2023)  ✓   ✓  
15Osei-Kyei and Chan (2019)   ✓✓✓✓✓✓
16Owolabi et al. (2020)  ✓  ✓   
17Wang et al. (2019)    ✓ ✓  
18Wang et al. (2021) ✓    ✓  
19Wang et al. (2022)  ✓ ✓ ✓  
20Winata and Gultom (2023)  ✓   ✓  
21Xiong et al. (2016)      ✓  
22Zhang and Tariq (2020) ✓✓ ✓ ✓  
23Zhang et al. (2023) ✓    ✓  
24Liu et al. (2024)      ✓  
25Chou et al. (2016)    ✓    
26Pu et al. (2021) ✓       
27Rudžianskaite-Kvaraciejiene et al. (2015)    ✓    
28Tariq and Zhang (2021) ✓  ✓ ✓  
29Wang and Tiong (2022) ✓       
30Ye et al. (2018)     ✓✓  
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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