Table 4

ADF unit root tests

VariablesInterceptTrend and interceptNone
LevelFirst diffOrder of integrationLevelFirst diffOrder of integrationLevelFirst diffOrder of integration
WER −2.013 −1.991 I(1) −3.088 −3.041 >I(1) −0.519 −2.189** I(1) 
(0.279) (0.288) (0.130) (0.144) (0.5442) (0.031) 
SHWNP −5.796*** −8.378*** I(0) −5.666 −8.246 I(1) 0.238 −8.542*** I(1) 
(0.0001) (0.000) (0.0006) (0.000) (0.746) (0.000) 
GDPGROWTH −1.950 −6.762*** I(1) −2.189 −6.618* I(1) −0.316 −6.923*** I(1) 
(0.305) (0.000) (0.474) (0.0001) (0.561) (0.000) 
VariablesInterceptTrend and interceptNone
LevelFirst diffOrder of integrationLevelFirst diffOrder of integrationLevelFirst diffOrder of integration
WER −2.013 −1.991 I(1) −3.088 −3.041 >I(1) −0.519 −2.189** I(1) 
(0.279) (0.288) (0.130) (0.144) (0.5442) (0.031) 
SHWNP −5.796*** −8.378*** I(0) −5.666 −8.246 I(1) 0.238 −8.542*** I(1) 
(0.0001) (0.000) (0.0006) (0.000) (0.746) (0.000) 
GDPGROWTH −1.950 −6.762*** I(1) −2.189 −6.618* I(1) −0.316 −6.923*** I(1) 
(0.305) (0.000) (0.474) (0.0001) (0.561) (0.000) 

Note(s): (1) *, **, *** denote statistically significant at the 10%, 5 and 1% levels, respectively

p-value is inside brackets

Source(s): Authors’ analysis results

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