Table 5

Noncausality tests in the sense of granger for the vector autoregressive (1) (1997–2023)

Direction of causalityҒ-statisticProb
WER   
SHWNP does not Granger cause WER 1.76906 0.1961 
GDPGROWTH does not Granger cause WER 0.32326 0.7275 
Direction of causalityҒ-statisticProb
WER   
SHWNP does not Granger cause WER 1.76906 0.1961 
GDPGROWTH does not Granger cause WER 0.32326 0.7275 
Source(s): Authors’ analysis results

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