Table 3. Theories and concepts of CSR... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Theories and concepts of CSR according to experts and scientists

No.	Authors	Concepts
1	GRI	The 2016 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standard develops the principles of sustainability reporting, namely, balance, comparability, accuracy, timeliness, clarity and reliability. GRI develops performance indicators divided into three main components, namely, economic, environmental and social. A total of 79 performance indicators, consisting of 9 economic indicators, 30 environmental indicators, 14 labour practice indicators, 9 human rights indicators, 8 social or community indicators and 9 product responsibility indicators (Global Reporting Initiative (GRI, 2010: 23).
2	Gray	Stakeholder theory shows that companies operate for their own interests, but must provide benefits to their stakeholders, namely, shareholders, creditors, consumers, suppliers, government, community analysts and other parties (Gray et al., 1995). To meet the wishes of stakeholders, corporate social responsibility can be one of the company’s strategies.
3	Carroll	Carroll provides CSR limitations with a responsibility approach consisting of economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility and philanthropic responsibility. Carroll describes CSR into four dimensions known as CSR pyramids (Carroll, 1991)
4	Elkington	Elkington is the founder of the CSR concept which is widely referred to in many experts. Elkington’s concept that companies should not only focus on increasing their value through maximizing profits and results but concentrate on environmental and social issues in a balanced way (Elkington, 1999). Corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, in the 'triple bottom line’ namely the existence of the 3P (Profit, People, Planet) formulation, or referred to as the “three pillars” which focus on social pressure on business, the characteristics of a number of different business models and on the emerging role of government (Elkington, 1999).

No.	Authors	Concepts
1	GRI	The 2016 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standard develops the principles of sustainability reporting, namely, balance, comparability, accuracy, timeliness, clarity and reliability. GRI develops performance indicators divided into three main components, namely, economic, environmental and social. A total of 79 performance indicators, consisting of 9 economic indicators, 30 environmental indicators, 14 labour practice indicators, 9 human rights indicators, 8 social or community indicators and 9 product responsibility indicators (Global Reporting Initiative (GRI, 2010: 23).
2	Gray	Stakeholder theory shows that companies operate for their own interests, but must provide benefits to their stakeholders, namely, shareholders, creditors, consumers, suppliers, government, community analysts and other parties (Gray et al., 1995). To meet the wishes of stakeholders, corporate social responsibility can be one of the company’s strategies.
3	Carroll	Carroll provides CSR limitations with a responsibility approach consisting of economic responsibility, legal responsibility, ethical responsibility and philanthropic responsibility. Carroll describes CSR into four dimensions known as CSR pyramids (Carroll, 1991)
4	Elkington	Elkington is the founder of the CSR concept which is widely referred to in many experts. Elkington’s concept that companies should not only focus on increasing their value through maximizing profits and results but concentrate on environmental and social issues in a balanced way (Elkington, 1999). Corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, in the 'triple bottom line’ namely the existence of the 3P (Profit, People, Planet) formulation, or referred to as the “three pillars” which focus on social pressure on business, the characteristics of a number of different business models and on the emerging role of government (Elkington, 1999).

Source(s): Table by authors and GRI (2016); Gray, 1995; Elkington (1999)