| Supply risks | Inappropriate supplier | Risk of selecting an improper supplier | Micheli et al. (2008), Yadav et al. (2018) |
| Supplier bankruptcy | Risk caused by the insolvency of suppliers, i.e., suppliers have taken orders but are cash-strapped | Wu et al. (2006), Tse and Tan (2012), Niu et al. (2022) |
| Quality of supplies | Plants facing quality issues in their supplies because of suppliers' inability | Tse and Tan (2012), Tse et al. (2011) |
| Supplier logistics service | Risk of owning and operating their own dedicated logistics arm by the suppliers | Olson and Dash (2011) |
| Logistics outsourcing risks (3PL, 4PL) | For a supplier firm, these risks are caused by outsourcing the logistics services to 3PL | Perçin (2009), Tsai et al. (2008) |
| Risk in custom clearances | Risk related to customs clearances at ports | Sofyalıoğlu and Kartal (2012), Nachet et al. (2024) |
| Operational risk | Transportation costs | Risk of fluctuating transportation costs due to fuel type used and prices | Macharis et al. (2010) |
| Production related issues | The firms face risks in their production facilities (machine breakdown, material shortage, etc.) | Tse and Tan (2012), Tse et al. (2011), Achamrah et al. (2024) |
| Inventory costs | High cost of keeping inventory | Tang (2006), Pan et al. (2014), Yan et al. (2023) |
| Transit time | Risk related to the variability in the transit time | Sofyalıoğlu and Kartal (2012) |
| Congestion at port/road | Risk of congestion at ports or roads during the shipping | Sofyalıoğlu and Kartal (2012), Flores-Franco and Covarrubias (2024), Chargui et al. (2022) |
| Information technology failures | Risk faced by the company's information (IT) infrastructure failure | Bandyopadhyay et al. (1999), Frendi et al. (2024) |
| Low visibility and tracking | Vulnerability issues in supply chains for tracking and tracing the items in transit and transportation | Christopher and Peck (2004) |
| Demand risks | Demand volatility | Risk of stock out or lost sales due to the uncertainty in demand from the market side | Chen and Seshadri (2006), Pan et al. (2022), Luo et al. (2022) |
| Market changes | Companies are forced to change the target markets/regions | Christopher and Peck (2004) |
| Forecasting errors | Risk of forecasting errors on the firm's performance examples include lost sales, high inventory stocks, etc. | Wu et al. (2006), Chargui et al. (2019) |
| Labor strike | Risk of labour unrest, labour strikes, union strikes, etc. | Jüttner et al. (2003), Li et al. (2022), Naganawa et al. (2024) |
| External environmental risks | Natural disasters | Risk of supply chain disruption due to natural disaster | Olson and Dash (2011), Wu et al. (2006), Tordecilla et al. (2025) |
| Economic downturn | This reflects the consequences of doing business in countries or regions where the economy is at risk | Olson and Dash (2011), Harland et al. (2003) |
| | | Simons (1999), Montreuil et al. (2013) |
| Fiscal risk | Risk of exposing the firms to financial threats (tax rate, debt condition, etc.) | Harland et al. (2003) |
| | | Cucchiella and Massimo (2006) |
| Asset impairment risk | Risk of having low asset utilisation by the firm | Harland et al. (2003), Simons (1999), Chargui et al. (2022) |
| Competitive risk | Risk of losing market due to lack of product differentiation, new products, etc. | Harland et al. (2003), Simons (1999), Tordecilla et al. (2025) |
| Legal, government regulation | They are putting the company at risk of lawsuits from clients, authorities, organisations, etc. | Harland et al. (2003), Cucchiella and Massimo (2006), Perez et al. (2024) |
| Political instability | Exposing the firms to politically unstable region | Olson and Dash (2011) |
| High carbon footprint/green | The risk of not getting a green supply chain in place | Chadha et al. (2022), Niu et al. (2022) |
| Terrorist activities | Risk of having disturbances in supply chain operations due to terrorist activities | Wu et al. (2006), Harland et al. (2003) |