Measurement items, reliability, and convergent validity of constructs
| Construct (source) | Measurement items | Cronbach’s α and AVE |
|---|---|---|
| Aesthetics (Huang and Liao, 2015) | The way AR apps display the products is attractive | α = 0.76; AVE = 0.67 |
| I like the way visual images on AR apps look | ||
| I think AR apps are very entertaining | ||
| Perceived Usefulness (Huang and Liao, 2015) | AR apps improve my online shopping productivity | α = 0.82; AVE = 0.65 |
| AR apps enhance my effectiveness when shopping online | ||
| AR apps are helpful in buying what I want online | ||
| AR apps improve my online shopping ability | ||
| Perceived Enjoyment (Rese et al., 2017) | Using the AR apps is really fun | α = 0.77; AVE = 0.69 |
| The scan function of AR apps and its elements are a nice gimmick | ||
| It is fun to discover the scan function and its elements | ||
| Informativeness (Rese et al., 2017) | AR apps provide detailed information about the product | α = 0.80; AVE = 0.71 |
| AR apps provide the complete information about the product | ||
| AR apps provide information that helps me in my decision | ||
| Usage Barrier (Kumar et al., 2022; Laukkanen et al., 2007) | In my opinion, AR apps are easy to use. (R) | α = 0.86; AVE = 0.63 |
| In my opinion, the use of AR apps is convenient. (R) | ||
| In my opinion, AR apps are fast to use. (R) | ||
| In my opinion, AR apps often function properly. (R) | ||
| Value Barrier (Laukkanen et al., 2007) | The use of AR apps is economical. (R) | α = 0.79; AVE = 0.70 |
| AR apps do not offer any advantage compared to doing my task using non-AR apps or physical visit to the store | ||
| AR apps increase my ability to control my purchase decisions by myself. (R) | ||
| Risk Barrier (Cham et al., 2023) | If I use AR apps, my private information will get stolen | α = 0.81; AVE = 0.63 |
| If I use AR apps, then I would feel psychologically uncomfortable | ||
| I assume that the use of AR apps is dangerous because of privacy and safety issues | ||
| I feel that AR apps may have detrimental implications | ||
| Image Barrier (Laukkanen et al., 2007) | I have very positive image of AR apps. (R) | α = 0.81; AVE = 0.70 |
| In my opinion, new technology is often too complicated to be useful | ||
| I believe that AR apps are very difficult to use | ||
| Intention to Use (Rese et al., 2017) | If I were to buy a product in the future, I would download or use the AR app immediately | α = 0.85; AVE = 0.70 |
| If I were to buy a product in the future, I would give AR app priority over other apps | ||
| If I were to buy a product in the future, I would give the catalogue of AR app priority over the catalogues of other providers | ||
| I will use the AR app regularly in the future | ||
| WOM intention (Hilken et al., 2017) | I will say positive things about the AR apps to other people | |
| I will recommend tde AR apps to someone who seeks my advice | ||
| I will encourage friends and relatives to use tde AR apps | ||
| Construct (source) | Measurement items | Cronbach’s |
|---|---|---|
| Aesthetics ( | The way | |
| I like the way visual images on | ||
| I think | ||
| Perceived Usefulness ( | ||
| Perceived Enjoyment ( | Using the | |
| The scan function of | ||
| It is fun to discover the scan function and its elements | ||
| Informativeness ( | ||
| Usage Barrier ( | In my opinion, | |
| In my opinion, the use of | ||
| In my opinion, | ||
| In my opinion, | ||
| Value Barrier ( | The use of | |
| Risk Barrier ( | If I use | |
| If I use | ||
| I assume that the use of | ||
| I feel that | ||
| Image Barrier ( | I have very positive image of | |
| In my opinion, new technology is often too complicated to be useful | ||
| I believe that | ||
| Intention to Use ( | If I were to buy a product in the future, I would download or use the | |
| If I were to buy a product in the future, I would give | ||
| If I were to buy a product in the future, I would give the catalogue of | ||
| I will use the | ||
| I will say positive things about the | ||
| I will recommend tde | ||
| I will encourage friends and relatives to use tde | ||
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