Table 4 Levels of Social Presence Across... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Levels of Social Presence Across Fall 2020 and Spring 2021 Courses

Category and Indicator	Fall 2020		Spring 2021		Diff.
Category and Indicator	Freq	Avg.	Freq	Avg.	Diff.
Affective Responses	188	0.091	257	0.151	0.061
Paralanguage	58	0.028	82	0.048	0.02
Emotion	30	0.014	14	0.008	–0.006
Humor	20	0.009	21	0.012	0.003
Self-disclosure	80	0.039	140	0.082	0.043
Interactive Responses	451	0.220	380	0.223	0.003
Acknowledgment	129	0.063	127	0.075	0.012
Agreement/disagreement	87	0.042	63	0.037	–0.005
Invitation	61	0.030	35	0.021	–0.009
Complimenting, expressing appreciation	174	0.085	155	0.091	0.006
Cohesive Responses	493	0.240	506	0.300	0.060
Greetings and salutations	27	0.013	13	0.008	–0.005
Vocatives	234	0.113	248	0.150	0.037
Group references/inclusivity	214	0.104	245	0.144	0.040
Embracing the group	18	0.009	0	0	–0.009
Social Presence Total	1,132	0.551	1,143	0.673	0.122

Category and Indicator	Fall 2020		Spring 2021		Diff.
Category and Indicator	Freq	Avg.	Freq	Avg.	Diff.
Affective Responses	188	0.091	257	0.151	0.061
Paralanguage	58	0.028	82	0.048	0.02
Emotion	30	0.014	14	0.008	–0.006
Humor	20	0.009	21	0.012	0.003
Self-disclosure	80	0.039	140	0.082	0.043
Interactive Responses	451	0.220	380	0.223	0.003
Acknowledgment	129	0.063	127	0.075	0.012
Agreement/disagreement	87	0.042	63	0.037	–0.005
Invitation	61	0.030	35	0.021	–0.009
Complimenting, expressing appreciation	174	0.085	155	0.091	0.006
Cohesive Responses	493	0.240	506	0.300	0.060
Greetings and salutations	27	0.013	13	0.008	–0.005
Vocatives	234	0.113	248	0.150	0.037
Group references/inclusivity	214	0.104	245	0.144	0.040
Embracing the group	18	0.009	0	0	–0.009
Social Presence Total	1,132	0.551	1,143	0.673	0.122