Identified criteria and sub-criteria based on the TOE framework
| Dimension | Criteria | Definition | Sub-criteria | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technology | Battery Performance (F1) | Refers to energy density, charging speed, cycle life, and thermal stability essential for Indian traffic and climate conditions | Energy density (SF11): It is used to estimate the power stored per unit weight and is essential for the critical range for the EVs | Khan et al. (2023), Cellura et al. (2025) |
| Cycle life (SF12): Estimated by the number of charge-discharge cycles a battery can sustain | Cellura et al. (2025) | |||
| Fast-charging capability (SF13): This ensures that the battery manufacturer must consider the technology which enables quick charging capabilities for EVs | Zhang et al. (2024), Chen et al. (2025) | |||
| Thermal stability (SF14): This ensures that the battery manufacturer must produce the battery to sustain extreme weather events during summer and winter for effective use of EVs | Harasis et al. (2025), Cellura et al. (2025) | |||
| Innovation in Technology (F2) | This criterion demonstrates the supplier's ability to adopt or develop next-generation battery technologies over a period of time | R&D capability (SF21): It facilitates the organisations to innovate and get a competitive advantage | Sang et al. (2024) | |
| Tech upgrades (SF22): Are suppliers continuously adopting the advanced chemistries (e.g., lithium iron phosphate, nickel manganese cobalt) | Mohseni et al. (2023) | |||
| Compatibility (F3) | Refers to ease of integration with vehicle architecture, such as for 2/3/4 wheelers and swap ability | EV model fit (SF31): Ease of integrating the battery into 2W/3W/4W EV chassis architecture | Kumar and Singh (2024) | |
| Swap ability (SF32): Sustainability for easy battery swapping models | Adu-Gyamfi et al. (2024) | |||
| Safety and Reliability (F4) | Provides a guarantee of fault tolerance, fire resistance, and durability over India's road and temperature conditions | Defect rate (FS41): Historical failure rate under stress | Tusnial et al. (2020) | |
| Safety certifications (SF42): Compliance with ISO/BIS battery safety norms | Lin et al. (2023), Cellura et al. (2025) | |||
| End-of-life (EOL) Management or Recyclability (F5) | Supplier's provision for battery recycling or reuse to reduce environmental impact | EOL management (SF51): Do suppliers plan for take-back, reuse and recycling? | Chayutthanabun et al. (2025) | |
| Circularity efforts (SF52): Design for disassembly or secondary use | Picatoste et al. (2022), El Jalbout and Keivanpour (2023) | |||
| Organisation | Financial Stability (F6) | Reflects a supplier's capacity to withstand market shocks, sustain operations, and invest in sustainable innovations | Creditworthiness (SF61): Suppliers must ensure that they are able to ramp up or reduce their production under dynamic demands so as to meet the supply and demand effectively | Parviziomran and Elliot (2024) |
| Debt-to-equity ratio (SF62): Suppliers must have a safer debt-to-equity ratio to safeguard their working capital independence during order fulfilment | Ginn and Saadaoui (2025) | |||
| Liquidity ratio (SF63): This factor ensures battery suppliers have sufficient capital under any uncertain circumstances and can meet short term liabilities | Penttinen et al. (2011) | |||
| Production Capacity (F7) | The ability to fulfill bulk orders and scale with rising EV demand | Scalability (SF71): Flexibility to increase output as demand grows | Dehkordi et al. (2024) | |
| Advanced production (SF72): Use of Industry 4.0 tools for efficient production | Girke et al. (2025) | |||
| Supply Chain Reliability (F8) | Evaluates consistency in on-time delivery, order fulfillment accuracy, and responsiveness to disruptions, which is critical for maintaining lean EVs production schedules | On-time delivery performance (SF81): Battery suppliers must ensure that they will adhere to fulfill order delivery on time during any dynamic circumstances | Jagani et al. (2024) | |
| Crisis responsiveness (SF82): If there is any scarcity of mineral resources during supply chain disruptions, suppliers must adhere to agility and recovery for minimal disruption for continuous EV production | Dehghani Sadrabadi et al. (2024) | |||
| Order fulfillment (SF83): Consistency in delivering the correct quantity and quality of batteries | Dhairiyasamy et al. (2024) | |||
| Collaboration Willingness (F9) | The supplier's readiness to partner in R&D, customisation and technology sharing | Co-development (SF91): Rapid innovation, customised solutions, and technology sharing are made possible by co-development with battery suppliers to ensure that products satisfy changing consumer and industry demands | Sumrit (2020), Zhao et al. (2025) | |
| Environment | Regulatory pressure (F10) | Degree to which suppliers are influenced by environmental laws, safety standards, and government mandates related to EV batteries | Environment compliance (SF101): Adherence to emission, e-waste, and recycling regulations | Tusnial et al. (2020) |
| Battery policy adherence (SF102): Alignment with national battery waste management and safety guidelines | Habiburrahman et al. (2025) | |||
| Market Dynamics (F11) | External forces in the EV and battery market that impact a supplier's competitiveness and innovation | Competitive intensity (SF111): Number of active competitors pushing for innovation | Habiburrahman et al. (2025) | |
| Market volatility (SF112): Sensitivity to global price and demand changes for battery components | Cheng et al. (2024) | |||
| Global Supply Risk and Resilience (F12) | Help assess the supplier's exposure to geopolitical risk and material availability and ensure that sourcing reliability and resilience for the raw material | Geopolitical exposure (SF121): Dependence on battery metals from regions having disruptions | Lou et al. (2025) | |
| Logistics disruption sensitivity (SF122): Vulnerability to international shipping delays and trade restrictions | Ren et al. (2024) |
| Dimension | Criteria | Definition | Sub-criteria | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technology | Battery Performance (F1) | Refers to energy density, charging speed, cycle life, and thermal stability essential for Indian traffic and climate conditions | Energy density (SF11): It is used to estimate the power stored per unit weight and is essential for the critical range for the EVs | |
| Cycle life (SF12): Estimated by the number of charge-discharge cycles a battery can sustain | ||||
| Fast-charging capability (SF13): This ensures that the battery manufacturer must consider the technology which enables quick charging capabilities for EVs | ||||
| Thermal stability (SF14): This ensures that the battery manufacturer must produce the battery to sustain extreme weather events during summer and winter for effective use of EVs | ||||
| Innovation in Technology (F2) | This criterion demonstrates the supplier's ability to adopt or develop next-generation battery technologies over a period of time | R&D capability (SF21): It facilitates the organisations to innovate and get a competitive advantage | ||
| Tech upgrades (SF22): Are suppliers continuously adopting the advanced chemistries (e.g., lithium iron phosphate, nickel manganese cobalt) | ||||
| Compatibility (F3) | Refers to ease of integration with vehicle architecture, such as for 2/3/4 wheelers and swap ability | EV model fit (SF31): Ease of integrating the battery into 2W/3W/4W EV chassis architecture | ||
| Swap ability (SF32): Sustainability for easy battery swapping models | ||||
| Safety and Reliability (F4) | Provides a guarantee of fault tolerance, fire resistance, and durability over India's road and temperature conditions | Defect rate (FS41): Historical failure rate under stress | ||
| Safety certifications (SF42): Compliance with ISO/BIS battery safety norms | ||||
| End-of-life (EOL) Management or Recyclability (F5) | Supplier's provision for battery recycling or reuse to reduce environmental impact | EOL management (SF51): Do suppliers plan for take-back, reuse and recycling? | ||
| Circularity efforts (SF52): Design for disassembly or secondary use | ||||
| Organisation | Financial Stability (F6) | Reflects a supplier's capacity to withstand market shocks, sustain operations, and invest in sustainable innovations | Creditworthiness (SF61): Suppliers must ensure that they are able to ramp up or reduce their production under dynamic demands so as to meet the supply and demand effectively | |
| Debt-to-equity ratio (SF62): Suppliers must have a safer debt-to-equity ratio to safeguard their working capital independence during order fulfilment | ||||
| Liquidity ratio (SF63): This factor ensures battery suppliers have sufficient capital under any uncertain circumstances and can meet short term liabilities | ||||
| Production Capacity (F7) | The ability to fulfill bulk orders and scale with rising EV demand | Scalability (SF71): Flexibility to increase output as demand grows | ||
| Advanced production (SF72): Use of Industry 4.0 tools for efficient production | ||||
| Supply Chain Reliability (F8) | Evaluates consistency in on-time delivery, order fulfillment accuracy, and responsiveness to disruptions, which is critical for maintaining lean EVs production schedules | On-time delivery performance (SF81): Battery suppliers must ensure that they will adhere to fulfill order delivery on time during any dynamic circumstances | ||
| Crisis responsiveness (SF82): If there is any scarcity of mineral resources during supply chain disruptions, suppliers must adhere to agility and recovery for minimal disruption for continuous EV production | ||||
| Order fulfillment (SF83): Consistency in delivering the correct quantity and quality of batteries | ||||
| Collaboration Willingness (F9) | The supplier's readiness to partner in R&D, customisation and technology sharing | Co-development (SF91): Rapid innovation, customised solutions, and technology sharing are made possible by co-development with battery suppliers to ensure that products satisfy changing consumer and industry demands | ||
| Environment | Regulatory pressure (F10) | Degree to which suppliers are influenced by environmental laws, safety standards, and government mandates related to EV batteries | Environment compliance (SF101): Adherence to emission, e-waste, and recycling regulations | |
| Battery policy adherence (SF102): Alignment with national battery waste management and safety guidelines | ||||
| Market Dynamics (F11) | External forces in the EV and battery market that impact a supplier's competitiveness and innovation | Competitive intensity (SF111): Number of active competitors pushing for innovation | ||
| Market volatility (SF112): Sensitivity to global price and demand changes for battery components | ||||
| Global Supply Risk and Resilience (F12) | Help assess the supplier's exposure to geopolitical risk and material availability and ensure that sourcing reliability and resilience for the raw material | Geopolitical exposure (SF121): Dependence on battery metals from regions having disruptions | ||
| Logistics disruption sensitivity (SF122): Vulnerability to international shipping delays and trade restrictions |
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