Table 2

Identified criteria and sub-criteria based on the DC theoretical framework

DC dimensionCriteriaDescriptionSub-criteriaSources
SensingMarket Responsiveness (F13)Ability to scan and interpret market signals and future EV demandsTrend identification (SF131): Ability to anticipate market trends in EV battery technologyRen et al. (2024) 
Policy sensitivity (SF132): Responsiveness to regulatory changes such as extended producer responsibility (EPR) and battery recycling mandates
Technological Foresight (F14)Capability to sense technological disruptions or emerging battery techTechnology scouting (SF141): Mechanism to monitor evolving chemistries like solid-state/LFPCammarano et al. (2024) 
Patent portfolio analysis (SF142): Active tracking of innovation through IP
SeizingResource Mobilisation (F15)Ability to reconfigure and commit internal/external resources for green innovationGreen investment (SF151): Allocation of capital for eco-innovationJones et al. (2025) 
Talent acquisition (SF152): Hiring and developing battery scientists and skilled labour
Strategic Collaboration (F16)Willingness to co-develop with OEMs or R&D partners to capture valueDetermine enterprise boundaries (SF161): Deciding which battery technologies and processes to outsource and which to retain in-house, based on the firm's strategic needs for digital innovation. It enables the firm to quickly scale and adapt by working with suppliers where they provide the greatest value, while concentrating on internal effortsZhong et al. (2023) 
Knowledge sharing platforms (SF162): Structures that support learning across the supply chain
Transforming capabilitiesOrganisational Learning (F17)Continuous adaptation and learning for sustainable transformationLearning orientation (SF171): Culture of experimentation and learning to adopt sustainable transformationMittal et al. (2024) 
Post-implementation review (SF172): Mechanisms to learn from sustainability failures
Process Reconfiguration (F18)Re-engineering existing processes to align with sustainability goalsDigital transformation (SF181): Adoption of IoT/AI for battery performance and traceabilityNaresh et al. (2024) 
Flexible manufacturing (SF182): Ability to shift processes to newer battery types or cleaner methods
Source(s): Created by authors

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