Competition-limiting factors
| Factor | Illustrative sources |
|---|---|
| Market behavior | |
| Capacity constraints due to high or specific demand | Nevi and Schotanus, 2024 |
| Collusion | García Rodríguez et al., 2022 |
| Market concentration | ECA, 2023 |
| Buyer behavior | |
| Administrative burden and payment delays | Tátrai et al., 2024 |
| Corruption and favoritism | Detkova et al., 2018 |
| Disproportional risk allocation | Du Saar, 2024 |
| Increased scale or complexity | Caldwell et al., 2005 |
| Lack of dialogue | Tátrai et al., 2024 |
| Specific requirements or selection criteria | Bhagat and Jha, 2023 |
| Tenders not easy accessible | Coviello and Mariniello, 2014 |
| Too many or non-discriminating (strategic) award criteria | Drake et al., 2024; Daalder, 2025 |
| Legal and institutional frameworks | |
| National legislation and language | Vagstad, 1995 |
| Sector-specific EU legislation | Janssen, 2023 |
| Trust in the system | Atkinson et al., 2020 |
| Factor | Illustrative sources |
|---|---|
| Capacity constraints due to high or specific demand | |
| Collusion | |
| Market concentration | |
| Administrative burden and payment delays | |
| Corruption and favoritism | |
| Disproportional risk allocation | |
| Increased scale or complexity | |
| Lack of dialogue | |
| Specific requirements or selection criteria | |
| Tenders not easy accessible | |
| Too many or non-discriminating (strategic) award criteria | Drake |
| National legislation and language | |
| Sector-specific | |
| Trust in the system | |
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