Participants and firm profile (N = 296)
| Category | Item | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 170 | 57.4 |
| Female | 126 | 42.6 | |
| Age | 18–25 | 2 | 0.7 |
| 26–35 | 132 | 44.6 | |
| 36–45 | 139 | 47.0 | |
| 46–55 | 16 | 5.4 | |
| 55 and above | 7 | 2.4 | |
| Position | Senior managers | 60 | 20.3 |
| Middle managers | 236 | 79.7 | |
| Firm size (number of employees) | Below 100 | 13 | 4.4 |
| 100–500 | 100 | 33.8 | |
| 501–1,000 | 91 | 30.7 | |
| 1,001–5,000 | 64 | 21.6 | |
| 5,001–10,000 | 15 | 5.1 | |
| 10,001–30,000 | 8 | 2.7 | |
| 30,000 and above | 5 | 1.7 | |
| Firm age (years) | Below 3 | 1 | 0.3 |
| 3–6 | 7 | 2.4 | |
| 7–15 | 119 | 40.2 | |
| 16–25 | 121 | 40.9 | |
| 26–40 | 40 | 13.5 | |
| 40 and above | 8 | 2.7 | |
| Ownership | State-owned or state-controlled enterprises | 31 | 10.5 |
| Private enterprise | 234 | 79.1 | |
| Sino-foreign joint ventures | 22 | 7.4 | |
| Wholly foreign-owned enterprises | 9 | 3.0 | |
| Internationalisation degree (The percentages of customers from other countries, i.e. foreign sales) | No internationalisation (0% of foreign sales) | 47 | 15.9 |
| Small internationalisation degree (1%–25% of foreign sales) | 122 | 41.2 | |
| Medium internationalisation degree (26–75% of foreign sales) | 119 | 40.2 | |
| Large internationalisation degree (76–100% of foreign sales) | 8 | 2.7 |
| Category | Item | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | 170 | 57.4 |
| Female | 126 | 42.6 | |
| Age | 18–25 | 2 | 0.7 |
| 26–35 | 132 | 44.6 | |
| 36–45 | 139 | 47.0 | |
| 46–55 | 16 | 5.4 | |
| 55 and above | 7 | 2.4 | |
| Position | Senior managers | 60 | 20.3 |
| Middle managers | 236 | 79.7 | |
| Firm size (number of employees) | Below 100 | 13 | 4.4 |
| 100–500 | 100 | 33.8 | |
| 501–1,000 | 91 | 30.7 | |
| 1,001–5,000 | 64 | 21.6 | |
| 5,001–10,000 | 15 | 5.1 | |
| 10,001–30,000 | 8 | 2.7 | |
| 30,000 and above | 5 | 1.7 | |
| Firm age (years) | Below 3 | 1 | 0.3 |
| 3–6 | 7 | 2.4 | |
| 7–15 | 119 | 40.2 | |
| 16–25 | 121 | 40.9 | |
| 26–40 | 40 | 13.5 | |
| 40 and above | 8 | 2.7 | |
| Ownership | State-owned or state-controlled enterprises | 31 | 10.5 |
| Private enterprise | 234 | 79.1 | |
| Sino-foreign joint ventures | 22 | 7.4 | |
| Wholly foreign-owned enterprises | 9 | 3.0 | |
| Internationalisation degree (The percentages of customers from other countries, i.e. foreign sales) | No internationalisation (0% of foreign sales) | 47 | 15.9 |
| Small internationalisation degree (1%–25% of foreign sales) | 122 | 41.2 | |
| Medium internationalisation degree (26–75% of foreign sales) | 119 | 40.2 | |
| Large internationalisation degree (76–100% of foreign sales) | 8 | 2.7 |
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