Table 1 Variable measurements and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Variable measurements and definitions

Variable code	Variable name	Measurement
CSR	Corporate social responsibility index	A checklist comprising 48 disclosure indicators was used to evaluate the extent of CSR reporting by firms
ETR	Effective Tax Rate	Tax Expense/Pre-tax income
CFETR	Cash flow Effective Tax Rate	Tax Expense/Operating cash flow
BTD	Book tax difference	(Accounting income – taxable income)/Total Assets
PC	Politically connected	The PC variable is binary, taking a value of 1 if the company has a PC member, and 0 otherwise
SIZE	Firm size	The natural logarithm of total assets at the end of the year t
LEV	Leverage	The book value of liabilities to the book value of net assets at the end of the year t
ROA	Return on assets	Net income divided by total assets at the end of the year t
AGE	Firm age	The difference between the year in which the firm was established and the current fiscal year

Variable code	Variable name	Measurement
CSR	Corporate social responsibility index	A checklist comprising 48 disclosure indicators was used to evaluate the extent of CSR reporting by firms
ETR	Effective Tax Rate	Tax Expense/Pre-tax income
CFETR	Cash flow Effective Tax Rate	Tax Expense/Operating cash flow
BTD	Book tax difference	(Accounting income – taxable income)/Total Assets
PC	Politically connected	The PC variable is binary, taking a value of 1 if the company has a PC member, and 0 otherwise
SIZE	Firm size	The natural logarithm of total assets at the end of the year t
LEV	Leverage	The book value of liabilities to the book value of net assets at the end of the year t
ROA	Return on assets	Net income divided by total assets at the end of the year t
AGE	Firm age	The difference between the year in which the firm was established and the current fiscal year