Table 5

Comparative analysis of Bologna FC and Malmö FF through the lens of translation theory

DimensionBologna FCMalmö FF
Translation LogicOutside-in: Sustainability adopted in response to external pressuresInside-out: Sustainability developed as part of intrinsic club values
Primary MotivationExtrinsic: Driven by marketing, reputational and regulatory incentivesIntrinsic: Rooted in historical mission and community engagement
Initial ActivitiesYouth and CSR events focused on fan engagement and loyalty buildingFootball and Career Academies with educational and social aims
Evolution Over TimeReactive: Adjusted to COVID-19 and UEFA mandatesProactive: Strategically expanded social programmes and partnerships
Role of RegulationKey driver of change in Phase 3; prompted formalisation of practicesSupplementary role; regulations aligned with existing commitments
Organisational StructuresSustainability unit created post-2022; integrated in marketingDedicated unit (“MFF in Society”); sustainability ambassadors across departments
Reporting PracticesAd hoc communication via website; full reports under developmentFormal sustainability reports since 2021; strategic and detailed
Use of KPIsLimited use; internally tracked but not publicly shared (yet)Integrated with SDGs; used for external and internal accountability
Strategic IntegrationLow: Sustainability remains peripheral to core missionHigh: Social sustainability embedded in identity and strategic goals
Role of Local ContextModerate: Local needs acknowledged, but actions driven externallyStrong: Deeply intertwined with city governance and societal development

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