Table 3

Circular economy R-principles in the model (debriefing for the second group)

Circular economy R-principleDescription in the general contextExamples in the model
Refuse (R0)Avoiding products that harm the environment or generate wasteInvestments in NZ houses or electric buses instead of building traditional less efficient houses or buses
Reduce (R1)Doing an action fewer times or with increased care to decrease usageTransforming traditional houses into NZ houses to reduce energy use
Resell, reuse (R2)Using items multiple times, buying second-hand and using recycled materialsIncreasing investments to collect more recycled materials thereby reducing the overall need for new virgin raw materials
Repair (R3)Repairing old products instead of discarding themInvestments in wastewater infrastructures to prevent leakages and enhance efficiency
Refurbish (R4)Refurbishing discarded products or materials, sanitized to serve their original functionsInvestments in water sanitization to increase wastewater reuse
Remanufacture, reproduce (R5)Rebuilding a product to the specifications of the original productCollecting more discarded products for remanufacturing
Repurpose, redesign, rethink (R6)Using discarded and old items for a different purposeAllocating areas for leisure and sports and converting traditional houses into NZ
Recycle (R7)Recycling materials for a second lifeRecycling general waste for treatment
Recover (R8)Recovering value from the items recycled or (re)usedBurning waste in incinerators to recover energy
Remine (R9)Recovering value from materials after the landfillingIncreasing remining of landfilled items

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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