Table 1

Global ESD milestones and Thai implementation (2006–2025)

YearGlobal/regional milestonesThai context and implementation
2006UN Decade of ESD (2005–2014); RCE network expansionESD introduced via 10th National Plan (2007–2011); aligning with Sufficiency Economy Philosophy
2009Bonn Declaration: mainstreaming ESDSustainability and local participation integrated into curricula
2014Aichi–Nagoya World Conference; launch of GAP (2015–2019)National agencies and CSOs join GAP; community participation promoted
2015–2019GAP implementation: policy, educators, youth, learning environments, communitiesParticipatory, non-formal learning and school–community collaboration highlighted
2020Launch of ESD for 2030; SDG 4.7 roadmap adoptedEmbedded in 20-Year National Strategy (2018–2037); decentralization, community participation
2021Berlin Declaration on ESD (UNESCO World Conference)School–community collaboration and environmental education reforms
2021–2023Reflect–Share–Act (UNESCO Bangkok, 2021): CBESD in Asia-Pacific promotedNon-formal centers adopt participatory learning approaches
2022ESD for 2030 Global Network establishedThai Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education (ONIE) and universities join regional collaboration
2022–2024Greening Education Partnership; Green School Quality StandardPilots green-school projects integrating ESD principles
2025 (ongoing)ESD for 2030 continues; about 200 RCEs worldwide (UN, 2025)Thai RCEs expand through university-community-government partnerships
Source(s): The authors' own compilation based on: UNESCO (2014a, b, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2024), United Nations (2024b, 2025), Nuamcharoen and Dhirathiti (2017), Kaewpanya et al. (2021) 

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