Summary of the second-order themes and abstract domains identified through the Gioia methodology (see Table 1 for the firms’ sample)
| Second-order theme (S) | Number of firms mentioning theme | Abstract domain (A) | Number of firms per abstract domain | Total mentions of second-order theme in domain |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 - Automation and Digitalization Gap | 16 | A1 - Digitization, Automation and Technological Innovation | 22 | 37 |
| S2 - Data Management and Analytics Deficiencies | 11 | |||
| S3 - Traceability issues and supply chain management | 10 | |||
| S4 - Sustainability Process Inefficiencies | 13 | A2 - Sustainable Practices and Waste Management Strategies | 20 | 34 |
| S5 - Resource Management Concerns | 11 | |||
| S6 - High cost of Sustainable Practices | 6 | |||
| S7 - Challenge related to sustainability reporting | 4 | |||
| S8 - Logistic challenges and cold chain | 7 | A3 - Supply Chain Management and Logistical Challenges | 15 | 22 |
| S9 - Need for short supply chains | 6 | |||
| S10 - Instability of raw material | 5 | |||
| S11 - The divergence of sustainability objectives within the supply chain | 4 | |||
| S12 - Greenwashing and Sustainability Perception Issues | 8 | A4 - Organisational and Communication Challenges | 14 | 18 |
| S13 - Product quality and maintenance characteristics | 6 | |||
| S14 - Training and human resources management | 4 | |||
| S15 - Functional limits of sustainable packaging | 7 | A5 - Sustainable packaging | 8 | 9 |
| S16 - Plant conversion in the transition to sustainable packaging | 2 | |||
| S17 - Complex and rapidly changing regulatory framework | 6 | A6 - Regulatory and institutional challenges | 7 | 8 |
| S18 - Lack of institutional support in sustainability and quality practices | 2 |
| Second-order theme (S) | Number of firms mentioning theme | Abstract domain (A) | Number of firms per abstract domain | Total mentions of second-order theme in domain |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 - Automation and Digitalization Gap | 16 | A1 - Digitization, Automation and Technological Innovation | 22 | 37 |
| S2 - Data Management and Analytics Deficiencies | 11 | |||
| S3 - Traceability issues and supply chain management | 10 | |||
| S4 - Sustainability Process Inefficiencies | 13 | A2 - Sustainable Practices and Waste Management Strategies | 20 | 34 |
| S5 - Resource Management Concerns | 11 | |||
| S6 - High cost of Sustainable Practices | 6 | |||
| S7 - Challenge related to sustainability reporting | 4 | |||
| S8 - Logistic challenges and cold chain | 7 | A3 - Supply Chain Management and Logistical Challenges | 15 | 22 |
| S9 - Need for short supply chains | 6 | |||
| S10 - Instability of raw material | 5 | |||
| S11 - The divergence of sustainability objectives within the supply chain | 4 | |||
| S12 - Greenwashing and Sustainability Perception Issues | 8 | A4 - Organisational and Communication Challenges | 14 | 18 |
| S13 - Product quality and maintenance characteristics | 6 | |||
| S14 - Training and human resources management | 4 | |||
| S15 - Functional limits of sustainable packaging | 7 | A5 - Sustainable packaging | 8 | 9 |
| S16 - Plant conversion in the transition to sustainable packaging | 2 | |||
| S17 - Complex and rapidly changing regulatory framework | 6 | A6 - Regulatory and institutional challenges | 7 | 8 |
| S18 - Lack of institutional support in sustainability and quality practices | 2 |
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