Table 1 Sample distribution Panel A:...

Table 1

Sample distribution

Panel A: Distribution of TPA firms by year
Year	No. of firms	No. of firms with TPA expenditures	(2)/(1)	No. of firms with ID-TPA expenditures	(4)/(1)
Year	(1)	(2)	(2)/(1)	(4)	(4)/(1)
2016	2,489	450	0.181	194	0.078
2017	2,633	607	0.231	297	0.113
2018	2,913	801	0.275	390	0.134
Total	8,035	1,858	0.231	881	0.110

Panel A: Distribution of TPA firms by year
Year	No. of firms	No. of firms with TPA expenditures	(2)/(1)	No. of firms with ID-TPA expenditures	(4)/(1)
Year	(1)	(2)	(2)/(1)	(4)	(4)/(1)
2016	2,489	450	0.181	194	0.078
2017	2,633	607	0.231	297	0.113
2018	2,913	801	0.275	390	0.134
Total	8,035	1,858	0.231	881	0.110

Panel B: Distribution of TPA firms by industry sector
Industry sector	No. of firms	No. of firms with TPA expenditures	(2)/(1)	No. of firms with ID-TPA expenditures	(4)/(1)
Industry sector	(1)	(2)	(2)/(1)	(4)	(4)/(1)
Utilities	241	118	0.490	71	0.295
Mining	189	91	0.481	52	0.275
Transportation, warehousing and postal	200	82	0.410	40	0.200
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery	113	37	0.327	29	0.257
Construction	213	72	0.338	36	0.169
Water, environment and public facility management	101	33	0.327	19	0.188
Culture, sports and entertainment	126	40	0.317	21	0.167
Health and social work	24	7	0.292	1	0.042
Wholesale and retail	434	110	0.253	57	0.131
Real estate	363	84	0.231	30	0.083
Manufacturing	5,148	1,088	0.211	490	0.095
Leasing and business services	113	15	0.133	8	0.071
Scientific research and technology services	75	9	0.120	2	0.027
Education	8	1	0.125	0	0.000
Information transmission, software and information services	591	65	0.110	22	0.037
Accommodation and catering	28	3	0.107	0	0.000
Comprehensive industry	68	3	0.044	3	0.044
Total	8,035	1,858	0.231	881	0.110

Panel B: Distribution of TPA firms by industry sector
Industry sector	No. of firms	No. of firms with TPA expenditures	(2)/(1)	No. of firms with ID-TPA expenditures	(4)/(1)
Industry sector	(1)	(2)	(2)/(1)	(4)	(4)/(1)
Utilities	241	118	0.490	71	0.295
Mining	189	91	0.481	52	0.275
Transportation, warehousing and postal	200	82	0.410	40	0.200
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery	113	37	0.327	29	0.257
Construction	213	72	0.338	36	0.169
Water, environment and public facility management	101	33	0.327	19	0.188
Culture, sports and entertainment	126	40	0.317	21	0.167
Health and social work	24	7	0.292	1	0.042
Wholesale and retail	434	110	0.253	57	0.131
Real estate	363	84	0.231	30	0.083
Manufacturing	5,148	1,088	0.211	490	0.095
Leasing and business services	113	15	0.133	8	0.071
Scientific research and technology services	75	9	0.120	2	0.027
Education	8	1	0.125	0	0.000
Information transmission, software and information services	591	65	0.110	22	0.037
Accommodation and catering	28	3	0.107	0	0.000
Comprehensive industry	68	3	0.044	3	0.044
Total	8,035	1,858	0.231	881	0.110

Panel C: Distribution of TPA firms by province
Province	No. of firms (1)	No. of firms with TPA expenditures (2)	(2)/(1)	No. of firms with ID-TPA expenditures (4)	(4)/(1)
Tibet	34	30	0.882	9	0.265
Guizhou	58	44	0.759	23	0.397
Yunnan	85	42	0.494	28	0.329
Jiangxi	100	45	0.450	19	0.190
Hainan	75	31	0.413	22	0.293
Qinghai	33	14	0.424	8	0.242
Guangxi	91	37	0.407	19	0.209
Hubei	249	102	0.410	60	0.241
Shaanxi	120	48	0.400	23	0.192
Gansu	78	29	0.372	17	0.218
Henan	208	79	0.380	37	0.178
Hunan	229	85	0.371	51	0.223
Sichuan	294	109	0.371	56	0.190
Shanxi	32	12	0.375	7	0.219
Ningxia	36	13	0.361	5	0.139
Xinjiang	125	42	0.336	22	0.176
Inner Mongolia	67	21	0.313	12	0.179
Fujian	284	88	0.310	31	0.109
Anhui	248	73	0.294	37	0.149
Chongqiong	118	27	0.229	11	0.093
Hebei	144	33	0.229	11	0.076
Liaoning	204	44	0.216	24	0.118
Beijing	746	161	0.216	91	0.122
Heilongjiang	99	19	0.192	8	0.081
Guangdong	1,230	213	0.173	100	0.081
Shanghai	622	109	0.175	38	0.061
Tianjin	124	19	0.153	10	0.081
Jiangsu	830	120	0.145	44	0.053
Shandong	463	65	0.140	22	0.048
Zhejiang	899	93	0.103	28	0.031
Jilin	110	11	0.100	8	0.073
Total	8,035	1,858	0.231	881	0.110

Panel C: Distribution of TPA firms by province
Province	No. of firms (1)	No. of firms with TPA expenditures (2)	(2)/(1)	No. of firms with ID-TPA expenditures (4)	(4)/(1)
Tibet	34	30	0.882	9	0.265
Guizhou	58	44	0.759	23	0.397
Yunnan	85	42	0.494	28	0.329
Jiangxi	100	45	0.450	19	0.190
Hainan	75	31	0.413	22	0.293
Qinghai	33	14	0.424	8	0.242
Guangxi	91	37	0.407	19	0.209
Hubei	249	102	0.410	60	0.241
Shaanxi	120	48	0.400	23	0.192
Gansu	78	29	0.372	17	0.218
Henan	208	79	0.380	37	0.178
Hunan	229	85	0.371	51	0.223
Sichuan	294	109	0.371	56	0.190
Shanxi	32	12	0.375	7	0.219
Ningxia	36	13	0.361	5	0.139
Xinjiang	125	42	0.336	22	0.176
Inner Mongolia	67	21	0.313	12	0.179
Fujian	284	88	0.310	31	0.109
Anhui	248	73	0.294	37	0.149
Chongqiong	118	27	0.229	11	0.093
Hebei	144	33	0.229	11	0.076
Liaoning	204	44	0.216	24	0.118
Beijing	746	161	0.216	91	0.122
Heilongjiang	99	19	0.192	8	0.081
Guangdong	1,230	213	0.173	100	0.081
Shanghai	622	109	0.175	38	0.061
Tianjin	124	19	0.153	10	0.081
Jiangsu	830	120	0.145	44	0.053
Shandong	463	65	0.140	22	0.048
Zhejiang	899	93	0.103	28	0.031
Jilin	110	11	0.100	8	0.073
Total	8,035	1,858	0.231	881	0.110

Source(s): Table by authors

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