Table 3 Decomposition results by task... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Decomposition results by task category (1998–2018)

	Abstract	Routine	Manual
	98–18	98–18	98–18
Overall changes	3.20	−7.70	4.49
Sector
Between	−6.63	−1.10	7.73
Within	9.83	−6.59	−3.24
Formality
Between	−5.90	−1.31	7.21
Within	9.11	−6.39	−2.72
Economic activity
Between	−0.93	−2.20	3.12
Within	4.13	−5.50	1.37
Education
Between	3.50	1.48	−4.98
Within	−0.29	−9.18	9.47
Age
Between	0.39	−0.04	−0.35
Within	2.81	−7.66	4.85
Gender
Between	−0.58	−0.10	0.68
Within	3.78	−7.59	3.82
All factors
Between	1.78	−3.29	0.72
Within	1.42	−4.40	3.77

	Abstract	Routine	Manual
	98–18	98–18	98–18
Overall changes	3.20	−7.70	4.49
Sector
Between	−6.63	−1.10	7.73
Within	9.83	−6.59	−3.24
Formality
Between	−5.90	−1.31	7.21
Within	9.11	−6.39	−2.72
Economic activity
Between	−0.93	−2.20	3.12
Within	4.13	−5.50	1.37
Education
Between	3.50	1.48	−4.98
Within	−0.29	−9.18	9.47
Age
Between	0.39	−0.04	−0.35
Within	2.81	−7.66	4.85
Gender
Between	−0.58	−0.10	0.68
Within	3.78	−7.59	3.82
All factors
Between	1.78	−3.29	0.72
Within	1.42	−4.40	3.77

Note(s): Changes are in percentage points

Source(s): Authors’ calculations