Table 1

Overview and categorization of events used for empirical research

Event/FeaturesITB (Internationale Tourismus Börse)James Blunt Concert (JB)Bezirksturnfest Hofsteig (HTF)Frühjahrskonzert des Musikerverein Müselbach (MVM)
Date05–07 March 202408 March 202417 March 202423 March 2024
LocationExhibition Center BerlinOlympia Halle InnsbruckGymnastics hall WolfurtGymnastics hall Alberschwende
Event typeExhibitionConcertSports CompetitionConcert
AudienceMainly tourism professionals, some media representatives and studentsMusic fans, mostly females and couplesChild athletes and families of athletesLocal community
Estimated size∼ 100,000 attendees; over 5,500 exhibitors from 170 countries∼ 6,000 people∼ 500 attendees + ∼400 athletes∼ 400 attendees
OrganiserMesse BerlinArcadia Live in cooperation with Olympia Halle InnsbruckGymnastics club WolfurtMusic club Müselbach
Source(s): Authors’ own work (2025; data retrieved from event websites)
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